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THE AGE OF 
MENTAL VIRILITY 



THE AGE OF 
MENTAL VIRILITY 

AN INQUIRY INTO THE RECORDS 
OF ACHIEVEMENT OF THE WORLD'S 
CHIEF WORKERS AND THINKERS 



I: 

BY 

W. A. NEWMAN DORLAND 



What then ! Shall we sit idly down and say 
The night hath come ; it is no longer day ? 
The night hath not yet come : we are not quite 
Cut off from labor by the failing light ; 
Something remains for us to do or dare, 
Even the oldest trees some fruit may bear. 
For age is opportunity no less 
Than youth itself, though in another dress ; 
And as the evening twilight fades away 
The sky is filled with stars, invisible by day. 

— Henry W. Longfellow 



NEW YORK 

THE CENTURY CO. 

1908 






1 wo Cooies Hec«»ve« 

SEP 12 )*08 

GLASS CL AXc, rew 
COPY Q. 




Copyright, 1908, by 
The Century Co. 



Published September, 1908 



THE DE VINNE PRESS 



to the: 

MATURE GENIUS 

WHICH HAS REVOLUTIONIZED 

THE WORLD 



CONTENTS 

CHAPTER PAGE 

i The World's Chief Workers and 

Thinkers 3 

ii The Period of Mental Activity . 23 

in Unusual Mental Activity in the 

Young 39 

iv The Acme and Duration of Mental 

Activity .62 

v What the World Might have 

Missed 86 

vi Genius and Insanity 154 

vu The Brain of Genius 190 

Tables 212 



Vll 



THE AGE OF 
MENTAL VIRILITY 



THE AGE OF 
MENTAL VIRILITY 



CHAPTER I 

THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 
AND THINKERS 

IT is now over three years since the in- 
vestigation which has culminated in 
the developments here recorded was un- 
dertaken. It began in this wise. In 
conversation with Dr. Harris A. Slocum 
of Philadelphia on the tendency — visi- 
bly increasing in this country — of rele- 
gating the older and middle-aged men to 
the oblivion of an ''innocuous desuetude" 
in order that the more progressive and 
aggressive young men might be given a 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

clear track in the rush to the front, the 
question suggested itself to the writer: 
What has been the age of the acme of 
mental activity as shown by the records 
of the famous men of modern times? 

It was evident that in order to arrive 
at any satisfactory conclusion the scope 
of the investigation should be compre- 
hensive, since it was fully appreciated 
that a limited study could readily be so 
distorted as to prove anything the inves- 
tigator might prefer. Two elements in 
the investigation were, therefore, recog- 
nized at the very start to be most essen- 
tial; namely, a comprehensive view and 

a receptive mind, which would not pre- 
conclude and then institute a process 
that would demonstrate the accuracy of 
the conclusion. The study has been, ac- 
cordingly, one primarily designed for 
the writer's own information, based upon 

4 



THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 

the following problem: At what period 
of their lives did men of distinction do 
their best work, and when were the 
magna opera accomplished? 

Four hundred records of men famous 
in all lines of intellectual activity were 
most carefully compiled and analyzed. 
It was soon found that these records 
could conveniently be grouped into two 
classes more or less distinct, though not 
showing a clearly defined line of de- 
marcation. These groups were, con- 
cisely, the workers and the thinkers. A 
word of explanation is necessary. 

While it is true that all men whose 
records were included in the study are 
embraced in the broader signification of 
the thinking class, in a more restricted 
sense a division can be made. Thus, 
among the "thinkers" might be grouped 
all those whose intellectual activities 

5 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

manifested themselves in processes of 
ratiocination, with the object in view of 
arriving at abstractions or metaphysical 
concepts or of drawing positive deduc- 
tions from a careful analytical study of 
large numbers of correlated facts. This 
class could perhaps be best typified by 
the philosophers or by the natural scien- 
tists. By the "workers" in this re- 
stricted meaning is meant that group of 
men whose intellectual activities culmi- 
nated in some practical and visible ap- 
plication of their lines of thought ; these 
could best be represented by inventors 
or by the warriors of the world. 

It will be noticed that the thinkers, 
pure and simple, must vastly outnumber 
those who have the ingenuity or who en- 
joy the opportunity of practically dem- 
onstrating their lines of thought. In a 
group of the " workers" would be found 

6 



THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 

actors, artists, chemists, and physicists, 
explorers, inventors, musical composers, 
physicians, surgeons, and warriors. A 
grouping of the "thinkers" would in- 
clude astronomers and mathematicians, 
divines and reformers, dramatists and 
playwrights, essayists, historians, jurists, 
naturalists, novelists, philosophers, polit- 
ical economists, poets, satirists, humor- 
ists, and statesmen. 

Merely to enumerate the names of 
these distinguished men of other days 
becomes an inspiration. Involuntarily 
we doff our hats, and with reverent 
mien note the procession as it passes 
before us : 

First the statesmen : Talleyrand, Lincoln, 
Washington, and Daniel Webster. 

Machiavelli, founder of one of the schools of 
modern diplomacy. 

The immortal bard of Avon. 

7 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Robert Burns and Lord Byron. 

Erasmus, the philosophical reformer. 

Savonarola, the Florentine reformer and 
statesman. 

The satirists : Sterne, Rabelais, and Cervantes. 

Samuel Johnson, the lexicographer. 

Sir Isaac Newton, the greatest of natural 
philosophers. 

The novelists : Balzac, Hawthorne, Trollope, 
and Verne. 

The statesmen : Crispi and Garibaldi. 

Jean Paul Richter, greatest of German 
humorists. 

Poe, the mystic and poet. 

Arago, the celebrated astronomer and physi- 
cist. 

John Napier, the inventor of logarithms. 
le naturalists : Leidy, Agassiz, Buff on, and 
Cope. 

Charles Darwin, the eminent naturalist and 
originator of the modern theory of evolu- 
tion. 

Le Sage, the dramatist and novelist, author 
of "Gil Bias." 

Bohme, the father of German philosophy. 

The distinguished American divines: Tal- 

8 



THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 

mage, Jonathan Edwards, Henry Ward 

Beecher, and Phillips Brooks. 
Renan, the philologist and historian. 
Blackstone, chief of jurists. 
The novelists: Cooper, Charles Lover, and 

Thackeray. 
Leibnitz, the philosopher and mathematician. 
The great tragedians: Macready, Barrett, 

Booth, and Irving. 
Michelangelo, the greatest of known artists. 
The chemists : Priestley, Scheele, Lavoisier, 

and Liebig. 
Sir Richard Burton, explorer and translator 

of the "Arabian Nights." 
Morse, the inventor of the telegraphic alpha- 
bet. 
The poets : Wordsworth, Southey, and Keats. 
George Fox, founder of the Society of 

Friends. 
Count Cavour, regenerator of Italy and one 

of the greatest of modern statesmen. 
Dion Boucicault, the playwright. 
The essayists: Addison and Sir Richard 

Steele, of "Tatler" and "Spectator" fame. 
Sue, the novelist, whose "Wandering Jew" is 

a marvel of fiction. 

9 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Walt Whitman, the "good, gray poet." 

Francis Parkman, the dauntless, whose histo- 
ries were written under almost insuperable 
difficulties. 

Rousseau, the eminent philosopher and essay- 
ist. 

The historians : Freeman, Froude, Bancroft, 
and Hallam. 

Audubon, the ornithologist. 

Theophile Gautier, the essayist and novelist. 

The Grimm brothers, authors of the popular 
German fairy tales ; the beloved Hans 
Christian Andersen, the great Danish 
story-teller. 

Savigny, the founder of modern jurispru- 
dence. 

Samuel Pepys, without whose "Diary" the 
history of the court of Charles II could 
not have been written. 

The weighty philosophers: Bacon, Lotze, 
Kant, Spencer, and Schopenhauer. 

Turgot, the political economist, who has been 
pronounced one of the most massive and 
imposing figures of the eighteenth cen- 
tury; Adam Smith, greatest of political 
economists. 

10 



THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 

The poets: Longfellow, Tennyson, Milton, 
and Whittier. 

The reformers: Huss, Wyclif, Zwingli, and 
Knox. 

The immortal Samuel Butler. 

Bismarck, the "man of blood and iron" of 
Germany; the eloquent American states- 
men, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Albert 
Gallatin, John Hancock, and Richard 
Henry Lee; Thomas Jefferson, father of 
American democracy. 

The masters of painting: Correggio, del 
Sarto, Perugino, Rubens, Raphael, and 
Murillo ; the pictorial satirists : Cruikshank 
and Hogarth. 

The tragedians : Garrick, Forrest, and Kem- 
ble. 

Thomas Chatterton, the unfortunate boy- 
poet. 

Petrarch, founder of humanism and the in- 
augurator of the renaissance in Italy. 

George Whitefield, one of the most elegant 
of pulpit orators. 

Corneille, one of the greatest tragic poets of 
France, and Moliere and Racine, French 
dramatists. 

11 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Ibsen, the "grand old man" of Norway. 

John Ruskin, the eminent art critic. 

The essayists : La Rochefoucauld, Montaigne, 
and Emerson; the genial George William 
Curtis, essayist and journalist; Thomas 
De Quincey, the English purist and essay- 
ist ; Matthew Arnold, the ethical poet and 
essayist. 

Washington Irving, novelist and historian. 

Henry Alford, Dean of Canterbury. 

Cardinals Newman, Richelieu, Wolsey, and 
Mazarin, divines, essayists, and statesmen. 

The Hungarian statesman and patriot, Kos- 
suth. 

Marat, Mirabeau, Danton, and Robespierre 
of the French "Terror." 

Robert Morris, financier of the American 
Revolution. 

The masters: Titian, Paul Veronese, Leo- 
nardo da Vinci, and Vandyke; Millet, the 
painter of peasant life. 

Christopher Columbus, chief of explorers; 
the African explorers, Du Chaillu, Speke, 
Livingstone, Stanley, and Mungo Park. 

The great musical composers: Bach, Verdi, 
Weber, and Richard Wagner. 

12 



THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 

The physicists : Dalton, Boyle, and Faraday. 

Galvani, the physiologist. 

The naval heroes : John Paul Jones and Lord 
Nelson. 

The Duke of Marlborough, victor of Blen- 
heim, and Lord Clive, founder of the em- 
pire of British India. 

The poets : Keble, Shelley, Cowper, Chaucer, 
and Spenser; Isaac Watts, the hymn- 
writer. 

Sir Robert Peel, premier of England and 
organizer of the modern police system. 

Fenelon, Archbishop of Cambrai. 

James Rennell, most celebrated of English 
geographers, and Karl Ritter, probably 
the greatest geographer of modern times. 

Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Mozart, Meyeybeer, 
Chopin, and Liszt, most eminent of com- 
posers. 

Jenner, discoverer of vaccination, and Har- 
vey, discoverer of the 'circulation of the 
blood. 

The famous American statesmen: John C. 
Calhoun, John Adams, Henry Clay, and 
Stephen A. Douglas. 

Gladstone, England's "grand old man"; the 

13 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

premiers, George Canning, John Bright, 
William Pitt, and Sir Robert Walpole ; the 
Earl of Beaconsfield, novelist and premier 
of England. 

Schiller, dramatist and poet. 

Rembrandt, the famous Dutch painter, 
known as the "Shakspere of Holland." 

Sir Walter Raleigh, explorer, historian, and 
courtier. 

The great generals : Sheridan, Sherman, 
Grant, and Robert E. Lee. 

Gay-Lussac, the physicist. 

The novelists: Dickens, Hugo, Bulwer Lyt- 
ton, Wilkie Collins, Blackmore, and Cha- 
teaubriand ; Scott, the poet and novelist. 

-The astronomers : Galileo, Copernicus, 
Herschel, Kepler, and Biot. 

Dwight L. Moody, the evangelist and founder 
of Northfield Seminary. 

Horace Greeley, the American editor and 
journalist, founder of the New York 
"Tribune." 

The essayists : Charles Lamb, Oliver Wendell 
Holmes, Carlyle, Leigh Hunt, and James 
Russell Lowell. 

Napoleon Bonaparte, conqueror of Europe; 

14 



THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 

Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the 

British Commonwealth. 
Littre, compiler of the best dictionary of any 

living language. 
The naturalists : Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 

Huxley, Lacepede, Lamarck, and Baron 

Cuvier. 
John Bunyan, the most popular religious 

writer in the English language. 
Dean Stanley, the beloved prelate; Canon 

Farrar, Dean of Canterbury. 
Voltaire, the prince of deists and brilliant 

essayist. 
August Bockh, one of the greatest scholars 

that Germany has produced in modern 

times. 
The philosophers : Hobbes, Comte, Descartes, 

Schelling, Spinoza, Condillac, Condorcet, 

and Diderot. 
General Lew Wallace, soldier, statesman, and 

novelist. 
Saint-Simon, founder of French socialism. 
Von Baer, founder of the science of compara- 
tive embryology. 
Georg Ebers, the orientalist and novelist ; Du 

Maurier, the artist-novelist. 

15 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Tyndall, the philosopher and physicist. 

The mathematicians: Euler, Lagrange, and 
D'Alembert. 

Turner, the most celebrated landscape-painter 
of the English school. 

Alexander Hamilton, the brilliant and la- 
mented American statesman ; Gambetta, 
silver-tongued orator of France; Baron 
von Bunsen, the German scholar and diplo- 
matist. 

Prescott, the eminent American historian. 

Robert Burton, author of the "Anatomy of 
Melancholy." 

Thomas Arnold, famous head-master of 
Rugby. 

The playwrights: Ben Jonson, Douglas Jer- 
rold, and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. 

Grote and Hume, philosophical historians ; 
Mommsen, the venerable German historian. 

The famous American statesmen: Blaine, 
John Hay, and James Monroe. 

Benjamin Franklin, the many-sided man, sci- 
entist, statesman, philosopher, diplomatist, 
patriot. 

William Penn, the Quaker essayist and 
founder of Pennsylvania. 

16 



THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 

The composers: Haydn, Handel, Schumann, 
Schubert, Gluck, and Gounod. 

Schliemann, the archaeologist. 

James Watt, inventor of the modern condens- 
ing steam-engine. 

Rudolf Virchow, pathologist, and exponent 
of the democracy of learning. 

The Duke of Wellington, victor of Waterloo. 

Sir Astley Cooper, the great London sur- 
geon. 

Sir Humphry Davy, the natural philosopher, 
and inventor of the miners' safety-lamp. 

The poets : Dante, Goethe, Robert Browning, 
Heine, De Musset, and Thomas Moore; 
Owen Meredith, the poet-statesman. 

Thomas Cranmer, first Protestant Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury ; Loyola, founder of 
the Society of Jesus. 

Guizot, the venerable historian and states- 
man; William Lloyd Garrison, the great 
antislavery agitator. 

Thiers, President of the French Republic and 
"liberator of the territory." 

Dore, prince of illustrators. 

Sir John Franklin and Dr. Kane, Arctic ex- 
plorers. 

2 n 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

The tragedian : Edmund Kean. 

Benjamin Rush, the great American physi- 
cian and statesman. 

Bessemer, inventor of the pneumatic process 
in the manufacture of steel. 

Sir Christopher Wren, the architect of St. 
Paul's ; Rossetti, the poet-painter ; Albrecht 
Diirer, best known by his engravings on 
copper. 

Joseph Jefferson, most famous of American 
comedians. 

The musical composers : Brahms, Spohr, Ros- 
sini, and Johann Strauss. 

The generals: Von Moltke and Sii Charles 
Napier. 

Holderlin, the exquisite German poet ; Beran- 
ger, the beloved French song-writer. 

Christopher Marlowe, the father of English 
tragedy and the creator of English blank 
verse. 

Emanuel Swedenborg, the profound dreamer 
of Sweden. 

Dean Swift, author of the famous "Gulliver's 
Travels." 

The statesmen: Charles James Fox, Boling- 
broke, and Warren Hastings. 

18 



THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 

William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
and the upholder of church authority in 
the time of Charles I. 

La Fontaine, the fabulist. 

The inseparable Beaumont and Fletcher; 
Thomas Hood, the poet and humorist. 

Lyell and Hugh Miller, the geologists. 

Lavater, the great physiognomist. 

The historians : Von Ranke, Gibbon, Motley, 
Michelet, Dean Milman and Niebuhr. 

Max Mliller, the eminent philologist. 

The essayists : J. G. Holland, Nathaniel Par- 
ker Willis, James Kirke Paulding, Isaac 
D'Israeli, and Baron Friedrich von Grimm. 

The painters : Botticelli and Constable. 

John Hunter, the great English physician. 

Corot, the famous landscape-painter, and 
"lyric poet of the Barbizon school," whose 
works have well been described as "painted 



music." 



George Stephenson, the "father of railways, 
The astronomers : Laplace and Leverrier. 
Thomas Chalmers, the doughty Scottish 

clergyman. 
The gifted Lamartine, poet, statesman, and 

historian. 

19 



99 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Lessing, the dramatist and essayist. 

James Boswell, the follower of Johnson. 

The lamented De Maupassant, the most per- 
fect master of the short story. 

The novelists: Daudet, Henry Fielding, 
Samuel Warren, Charles Lever, Charles 
Reade, Kingsley, and Dumas pere; Bret 
Harte, the humorous poet and novelist. 

The philosophers: Locke, Hegel, Berkeley, 
Fichte, and John Stuart Mill. 

Boerhaave, one of the most celebrated physi- 
cians of modern times. 

The explorers : La Salle and Champlain. 

Zola, the novelist and defender of Drevfus. 

The painters : Bouguereau, Reynolds, West, 
Landseer, Gainsborough, and Blake. 

The poets: Coleridge, Dry den, Goldsmith, 
Lanier, and Gray. 

The reformers : Calvin, Luther, and Melanch- 
thon. 

Burke, Sir Thomas More, and Lord Palmer- 
ston, able statesmen of England. 

George Romney, historical and portrait 
painter. 

The immortal Daniel Defoe of "Robinson 
Crusoe" fame. 

20 



THE WORLD'S CHIEF WORKERS 

The beloved Robert Louis Stevenson, poet, 
novelist, and optimist. 

Baron Humboldt, the traveler and naturalist ; 
Linnaeus, the botanist. 

Pasteur, the chemist and biologist, and dis- 
coverer of the cure for hydrophobia. 

The learned and gifted Walter Savage Lan- 
dor. 

The poets : Young, Pope, Pollok, and Thom- 
son. 

Samuel Richardson, inventor of the modern 
novel of domestic life and manners ; Dodg- 
son (Lewis Carroll), mathematician and 
winsome story-teller, whose nonsensical 
"Alice in Wonderland" has fascinated both 
old and young. 

The divines : Sydney Smith and Spurgeon. 

Lord Macaulay, historian, poet, and essayist. 

Velasquez, head of the Spanish school of 
painting. 

Sir Edwin Arnold, the poet and eminent 
Japanese scholar. 

William Cullen Bryant, the distinguished 
American poet and journalist. 

Montesquieu, philosophical historian. 

John Wesley, founder of Methodism. 

21 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Tintoretto, one of the greatest painters of 
the Venetian school; Meissonier, the mili- 
tary and genre painter of France. 

Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, the most 
notable critic of our time. 

Here is a magnificent array of genius 
and mentality having stupendous cere- 
brational power, whose influence upon 
the thinking world has been inestimable. 
The lives of such men, reduced to sta- 
tistical records, will bear a close exam- 
ination, and the resulting deductions 
will incontrovertibly carry with them a 
certain intrinsic value. 



22 



CHAPTER II 

THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

The period of a man's life during 
which his mind asserts its sway and 
he determines his usefulness to his fel- 
low-men, the period in which he becomes 
a producer and not merely a consumer, 
varies largely, according to the tempera- 
ment, physical constitution, and mental 
inclination of the individual. Some 
realize much sooner than others the ob- 
ject of living. In many the inspiration 
of genius breaks through the shell at a 
very tender age, as is the case of the 
prodigies of the world in music, art, and 
poetry, who astonish mankind by evi- 
dences of mental virility that are vastly 
in advance of their years. In others the 

23 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

process of mental development is slow 
or even retarded, while a sound physical 
basis is forming. This was true of many 
of the men who late in life became the 
profound thinkers and astute statesmen 
and diplomatists. In the light of ad- 
vanced medical education, and according 
to the teaching of modern physiologists 
and neurologists, the latter method of 
growth would appear the more desira- 
ble, though not so brilliant and fasci- 
nating when examined in the limelight 
of public criticism. The world goes 
wild over a youthful wonder of men- 
tality, but ignores the plodding genius 
who is compelled by sheer force of his 
matured mentality to command late in 
life the plaudits of his fellows. They 
both serve their time and generation: 
the genius of inspiration and emotion, 
and the genius of untiring effort. Both 



THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

have their place in the evolution of the 
race, and both bring material contribu- 
tions to the world's accumulation of 
accomplishment. 

In an investigation like that now on 
hand three questions arise at the outset, 
and these comprise the entire scope of 
the period of mental activity: At what 
age did a given individual begin to show 
evidences of mental activity along lines 
of original research? when did he ac- 
complish the greatest work of his life? 
and how long did his mind continue to 
functionate and produce in the chosen 
sphere of activity? Advancing from the 
individual to the various groups in the 
special lines of work, we next must as- 
certain the average ages for these groups 
and the total average age for all the indi- 
viduals studied at these three periods of 
their lives. 

25 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 



THE INITIAL AGE OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

In the first place, it is interesting and 
instructive to mark the beginning age 
of the mental activity of these men. By 
this is meant the age at which the man 
first began to manifest mental activity 
in the line or lines in which he subse- 
quently became famous. Let it be noted 
that before this date in most instances, 
but not invariably, the youths proved 
unmistakably that their mentality was 
developing in an unusual degree, and in 
many cases this activity was manifested 
at peculiarly precocious periods. 

The average initial age of the 400 rec- 
ords was twenty-four. It is suggestive 
that the workers began earlier than the 
thinkers, — at twenty-two, — while the 
thinkers' average stands at twenty-six. 

26 



THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

The average, likewise, shows striking 
variation for the different classes or 
occupations. Thus, as might be antici- 
pated from the remarkable careers of 
many of the musical composers, these i 
men began their life-work at the aver- 
age age of seventeen. The actors ( 
closely follow at eighteen, while war- 
riors, artists, divines, and jurists show 
an average initial age of twenty-two. 
Dramatists and playwrights follow at 
twenty-three, and poets, physicians, and 
surgeons, inventors, chemists, and phy- 
sicists, occupy the position of mental 
equilibrium, at the outset, at an average 
age of twenty-four. The naturalists 
average twenty-five; explorers, novel- 
ists, essayists, historians, astronomers, 
mathematicians, and statesmen gener- 
ally began to develop their respective 
lines of thought at twenty-six ; the phi- 

27 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

losophers at twenty-seven; the reform- 
ers at twenty-eight; and the satirists 
and humorists not until thirty- two years 
of age. When it is recalled that satire 
is a highly specialized literary form, 
most rare and difficult of attainment, 
this late primary development acquires 
a peculiar signification in a study of 
this kind. 



EVOLUTION OF THE MIND 

These interesting and suggestive fig- 
ures seem unmistakably to indicate a 
sure and progressive mental evolution 
which may be represented somewhat, 
though imperfectly, in the following 
manner: From infancy through adoles- 
cence to the full maturity of the adult, 
the emotional side of the individual is 
at its highest. Reaching its acme at 

28 



THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

maturity, it then begins to diminish in 
intensity, as it is overtopped by the 
higher mental elements. Thus, musi- 
cians, who, save artists, are probably 
more justly entitled to the appellation 
of genius than any other class of men, 
do much of their best work at a re- 
markably tender age. The imaginative, 
imitative, religious, adventurous, and 
belligerent elements of the mind are 
strongly developed in these plastic 
years. It becomes evident, therefore, 
that actors and preachers, explorers and 
soldiers, poets and dramatists, all sub- 
ject to the domination of the emotions, 
do excellent and masterful work in the 
early years of their lives. As the deeper 
and more rational elements of cerebra- 
tion are developed, these either end their 
life-work altogether or modify it uncon- 
sciously to meet the changed mental 

29 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

conditions. Thus, many who began as 
poets abandoned that esthetic and beau- 
tiful field of adventure for the broader 
and richer scope afforded by fiction and 
other prose writing. Many of the sci- 
entists, philosophers, and statesmen 
showed no special aptitude until the 
emotional period of their lives had 
passed. Epic poets and musicians 
brought the experience of maturer years 
to act upon and aid the imaginative and 
emotional brain-cells of their younger 
days. The bitter wrongs and injustices 
that every observant life-time entails 
dampen the ardor of youth, and the 
speculative philosopher, the biting and 
cynical satirist, or the more kindly dis- 
posed and dry humorist, grows into be- 
ing. 

Thus, just as surely as there is a phy- 
sical and natural evolution of the being 

30 



THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

and of the race, so there is an individual, 
a tribal or national, and a racial evolu- 
tion of the mind. Such a conclusion is 
inevitably forced upon us by a study 
such as this. He was a deep observer 
who divided a man's mental working 
life into four decades ; thus, from twenty 
to thirty bronze, thirty to forty silver, 
forty to fifty gold, and from fifty to 
sixty iron. Intellect and judgment are 
strongest in the average person between 
forty and sixty. It was Du Maurier 
who said: "I think that the best years in 
a man's life are after he is forty. A 
man at forty has ceased to hunt the 
moon." Then, as an afterthought, he 
says: "I would add that in order to en- 
joy life after forty, it is perhaps neces- 
sary to have achieved, before reaching 
that age, at least some success." 



31 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 



IS PRECOCITY A SIGN OF DEGENERACY? 

In the light of the foregoing, it becomes 
evident that precocity is not always a 
thing to be desired. Indeed, it may, 
just as surely as a prematurely ripened 
fruit indicates decay and early death, 
mean an early degeneration and loss of 
the mental faculties. By many biolo- 
gists it is considered an expression of 
premature senility. Few, if any, of the 
precocious children rise above the aver- 
age in adult life, and the tendency 
rather is to fall below it. The explana- 
tion is largely to be found in the fact 
that during these tender years the brain 
is immature both in substance and form, 
and any unusual strain placed upon the 
delicate and plastic organ must be at 
the expense of % its ultimate power. 

32 



THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

These children are often of the scrof- 
ulous diathesis, and present certain 
well-known physical traits. Their com- 
plexion is clear and at times beautifully 
fair, the eyes blue and the hair golden. 
A writer in one of the scientific papers 
speaks of their mental condition in this 
way: "These children are delicately 
sensitive to mental impressions, and 
alive to the conversation of persons 
much older than they." The unwonted 
brilliancy continues until the age of 
puberty when the children begin to fail 
mentally and physically and frequently 
fall victims to tuberculosis. 

As Lombroso has indicated, many of 
the men of genius were subjects of degen- 
eracy, and this statement is made because 
of the well-known stigmata or marks of 
degeneracy which have been present in 
them. It must be understood, however, 

3 33 



THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 

that any individual of great mentality, 
as well as those of mediocre ability, may 
present one or two degenerate marks 
without in any sense proving, for his 
case, the presence of a degenerate mind. 
There is a period of antenatal growth 
known to scientists as the senile period, 
embracing the fourth and fifth months 
of prenatal existence. It has been found 
that a slight arrest of development at 
this period is characteristic of the class 
of beings known as degenerates, and 
precocity is recognized as one of the ex- 
pressions of this developmental defect. 
Relief de la Bretonne, who composed at 
fourteen a poem on his first twelve loves, 
is a remarkable instance of this form of 
degenerate precocity. "A wit of five is 
a fool of twenty," is an adage founded 
upon the popular appreciation of this 
unpleasant truth. 

34 



THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 



THE MARKS OR STIGMATA OF 
DEGENERACY 

There are, then, certain physical pecul- 
iarities that are almost invariably pres- 
ent in decadent men and races. Thus, 
while the hardy people of the North, 
whose physical star may be regarded 
as in the ascendency, are generally tall 
and athletic, the decadent races, includ- 
ing many of the Latin stock, are char- 
acterized by shortness of stature and 
stockiness of build. Runts these people 
are, and this general undevelopment 
comprises a well-recognized stigma of 
degeneracy. It is likewise exceptional 
to find an unusually short nose, such as 
that possessed by Darwin and Socrates, 
among men of intellect. Nasal abbre- 
viation is one of the well-known signs 

35 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

of degeneracy, as is also the sessile or 
otherwise misshapen ear, the sugar-loaf 
skull, the close-set eyes, and other phy- 
siognomic irregularities, including the 
cretinoid face. The latter, strange to 
relate, has been noted in certain men of 
remarkable genius, including Darwin 
and Carlyle, Rembrandt, Pope, and 
Socrates. Other physical traits char- 
acteristic of individuals of degenerate 
taint are marked emaciation, facial 
pallor, stuttering, and stammering, in- 
fantile and adolescent sickliness, left- 
handedness, sterility, and certain mental 
and nervous diseases, more particular 
mention of which will be made in an- 
other chapter. 

I wish to emphasize at this point the 
assertion that not every individual who 
chances to possess one of the above men- 
tioned physical peculiarities is to be im- 

36 



THE PERIOD OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

mediately stamped as a degenerate. It 
is only when there is a combination of 
two or more of these traits, especially 
if this combination has been noted as 
a family peculiarity, that the suspicion 
will be awakened, and this may then be 
confirmed and the condition established 
by close and careful investigation. It 
is probable that all of these degenerate 
geniuses manifested unusual mental de- 
velopment in early childhood. 

Nevertheless, it stands to reason that 
not every instance of unusual childish 
brilliancy is dependent upon a degen- 
erate state of mind. There is a pre- 
cocity due to parental influence and 
unconscious infantile imitation. This 
we may designate as the environmental 
precocity, a perfectly normal condition, 
but one which involves close parental 
supervision in order to maintain the 

37 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

mental and judicial balance, and thereby 
avoid a brain-tire with serious and even 
permanent intellectual impairment. 

Properly guided and fostered through 
the plastic and impressional period of 
tutelage, these young men will be di- 
rected into the channels of life-work for 
which they are best designed. They 
will thereby be thoroughly prepared for 
the true period of productiveness in in- 
tellectual lines, which extends not infre- 
quently well beyond that absurdity 
which has been designated as the 
"dead-line of fifty." It will not be in- 
appropriate at this point to call atten- 
tion to some of these early indications of 
mental activity on the part of the young 
not subject to the precocity of degen- 
eracy. 



33 



CHAPTER III 

UNUSUAL MENTAL ACTIVITY IN 
THE YOUNG 

The astounding array of facts that 
have been grouped together has 
been collected from literature after a 
most thorough search and investigation 
(wherever this was found to be possi- 
ble) as to the authenticity of the state- 
ments, and they are presented without 
other words of explanation or apology. 



ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE YOUNG IN 
MUSIC 

As has already been intimated, the poets, 
musicians, artists, and soldiers, repre- 
senting the true geniuses of the world, 

39 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

and those in whom the imaginative and 
impulsive elements are the strongest, 
have distinguished themselves early in 
life. This is eminently true of the 
musicians, whose records are, in this re- 
spect, truly marvelous. Thus, Mozart, 
when only three years of age, shared the 
harpsichord lessons of his sister Maria, 
who was eight years old. At four he 
played minuets and composed little 
pieces. He performed in public for the 
first time when five years old. At eight 
he played before the English royalty, 
made his first attempt at the composi- 
tion of a symphony, published his third 
set of sonatas, and wrote "God is our 
Refuge," an anthem for four voices. 
At ten he first essayed the oratorio; at 
eleven he composed an opera bouffe, 
"La Finta Semplice"; at fourteen, com- 
posed the music for the opera, "Mitri- 

40 



MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 

date, Re di Ponto"; at fifteen wrote the 
serenata, "Ascanio in Alba"; at sixteen, 
the operas, "II Sogno di Scipione" and 
"Lucio Silla," both of which were bril- 
liant successes; and at nineteen, the 
opera, "La Finta Giardiniera." 

Meyerbeer was an excellent pianist at 
five; at seven played Mozart's concerto 
in D minor in public; at ten had written 
an opera, "Jephthas Gelubde," and at 
thirteen produced his second opera, 
"Wirth und Gast." At six Eichhorn 
and Eybler gave public concerts, and 
Spohr at the same age took the leading 
part in Kalkbrenner's trios ; at nineteen 
he printed his first violin concerto. 
Handel showed his musical talent at a 
very early age. At eight his playing at- 
tracted the attention of the Duke of 
Saxe-Weissenfels; in his twelfth year 
he made his debut as a virtuoso at the 

41 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

court of Berlin ; at thirteen he composed 
a mass; at seventeen wrote "Florinde" 
and "Nero"; and at nineteen was a 
theater director. At the age of nine 
Liszt displayed great musical ability; 
in his eleventh year he played before 
enthusiastic audiences in Vienna ; and at 
fourteen he wrote the operetta, "Don 
Sancho." 

Mendelssohn first played in public at 
nine, and at eleven he began to compose 
with astonishing rapidity. At that age 
he wrote his cantata, "In riihrend feier- 
lichen Tonen," and produced nearly 
sixty movements, including songs, 
pianoforte sonatas, a trio for pianoforte, 
violin, and violoncello, a sonata for 
violin and pianoforte, pieces for the 
organ, and a little dramatic piece in 
three scenes. At twelve he wrote five 
symphonies for stringed instruments, 

n 



MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 

each in three movements; motets for 
four voices; an opera in one act — "Sol- 
datenliebschaf t" ; another, "Die beiden 
Padagogen" ; part of a third, "Die wan- 
dernde Comodianten" ; and an immense 
quantity of other music of various kinds. 
At thirteen he produced an opera in 
three acts — "Die beiden Neffen, oder 
der Onkel aus Boston"; a pianoforte 
concerto; and an immense amount of 
other music. At fifteen he composed 
his fine symphony in C minor, a quartet 
in B minor, and a pianoforte sestet. At 
sixteen he wrote a "Kyrie" for five 
voices; his pianoforte capriccio in F 
sharp minor; and an opera in two acts, 
"Die Hochzeit des Camacho," a work 
of considerable importance. Before he 
was eighteen he had completed his 
famous overture to Shakspere's "Mid- 
summer Night's Dream." Here was a 

43 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

remarkable instance of precocious pro- 
ductiveness. 

Verdi, when only ten, was appointed 
organist at Le Roncole, and at fifteen 
wrote his first symphony. Rossini sang 
solos in church at ten; at thirteen ap- 
peared in the opera house as Adolf o in 
Paer's "Camilla/' and at eighteen pro- 
duced at Venice his first opera, "La 
Cambiale di Matrimonio." Weber at 
twelve published a set of "Six Fugh- 
etti"; at thirteen wrote "Variations for 
the Pianoforte" and an opera, "The 
Power of Love and Wine." When he 
was fourteen, his opera, "The Wood- 
Maiden," was publicly presented ; at sev- 
enteen he published his third opera, 
"Peter Schmoll and His Neighbor"; 
and at eighteen he was appointed con- 
ductor of opera at Breslau. Cherubini 
awoke popular enthusiasm with a mass 

44 



MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 

at thirteen. Schubert began writing 
music at thirteen, and when eighteen 
composed two symphonies, five operas, 
and no less than one hundred and 
thirty-seven songs, besides a multitude 
of other important pieces. 

At seventeen Wagner published his 
first important composition, — the over- 
ture in B flat,— and at twenty his first 
symphony was performed. Brahms at 
the age of twenty had written a string 
quartet, the first pianoforte sonata, the 
scherzo in E flat minor, and a group of 
songs, including the dramatic "Liebes- 
treu." It is a truth pregnant with sug- 
gestion that Beethoven, that prince of 
musicians, who occupies in music the 
place held by Shakspere in poetry, did 
not compose anything entitled to men- 
tion until after he had reached his 
twenty-fifth birthday. 

45 



THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 



THE MEN OF WAR 

The bellicose vein of youth has from 
time immemorial produced many of the 
famous fighters of the world, who have 
turned and overturned the world, and 
repeatedly altered its geography. The 
fighting strain, once established, is hard 
to overcome, however, and though the 
young have distinguished themselves in 
war, as will be seen directly, they cannot 
usurp to themselves all the trophies of 
Mars. Still, their record of achievement 
forms no mean page in the history of the 
world. At sixteen Henry IV of France 
was at the head of the Huguenot army, 
at nineteen he became King of Navarre, 
and before the age of forty-four he over- 
threw his enemies and became King of 
France. Scipio Africanus the Elder 

46 



MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 

distinguished himself at the battle of 
Ticinus at the age of sixteen, and at 
twenty-nine overthrew the power of 
Carthage at Zama. Alexande ' the 
Great defeated the celebrated The? 
band at Chaeronea before he had at- 
tained the age of eighteen, ascended the 
throne at twenty, had conquered the 
world at twenty-five, and died at thirty- 
two. Charles XII completed his first 
campaign against Denmark at eighteen, 
overthrew 80,000 Russians at Narva be- 
fore nineteen, conquered Poland and 
Saxony at twenty-four, and died at 
thirty-six. Peter the Great of Russia 
was proclaimed Czar at ten years of age, 
organized a large army at twenty, won 
the victory of Embach at thirty, and 
founded St. Petersburg at thirty-one. 
At the age of twenty-one, Eugene of 
Savoy was colonel, at twenty-four he 

47 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

was lieuteiiant field-marshal, and shortly 
after general field-marshal; at thirty- 
four he won the battle of Zenta, and at 
f orty- f one cooperated with Marlborough 
at Blenheim. Conde defeated the Span- 
iards at Rocroi at twenty -two, and won 
all his military fame before the age of 
twenty-five. Julius Caesar commanded 
a fleet before Mitylene, and distin- 
guished himself before the age of 
twenty-two; he completed his first war 
in Spain, and was made a consul before 
the age of forty. Philip of Macedon 
ascended the throne at twenty -two and 
was the conqueror of Greece at forty- 
five. Lord Clive distinguished himself 
at twenty -two, attained his greatest 
fame at thirty-five, and had founded the 
British Empire in India by forty. Na- 
poleon was a major at twenty-four, gen- 
eral of brigade at twenty-five, and 

48 



MENTAL ACTIVITY \ THE YOUNG 

commander-in-chief of the army of Italy 
at twenty-six. He achieved a) J his victo- 
ries and was finally overthrow before 
the age of forty-four. Saxe was a 
marechal-de-camp at twenty-four, and 
marshal of France at forty-four. V&u- 
ban, the great engineer, had conducted 
several sieges at twenty-five, and was 
marechal-de-camp at forty -three. Char- 
lemagne was crowned king at twenty- 
six, was master of France and the 
larger part of Germany at twenty-nine, 
placed on his head the iron crown of 
Italy at thirty -two, and conquered Spain 
at thirty-six. Hannibal was made com- 
mander-in-chief of the Carthaginian 
army in Spain at twenty-six, and had 
won all his great battles in Italy, conclud- 
ing with Cannae, at thirty-one. Frederick 
the Great ascended the throne at twenty- 
eight; terminated the first Silesian war 
4 49 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

at thirty, and the second at thirty-three; 
and ten yfears later, with a population 
of only five hundred thousand, he tri- 
umphed over a league of more than 
one hundred millions of people. Mon- 
teduculi, at the age of thirty-one, 
with two thousand horse attacked ten 
thousand Swedes, and captured all their 
baggage and artillery; at thirty -two he 
won the victory of Triebel. Wolfe was 
conqueror of Quebec at thirty-two, and 
Turenne, passing through the grades of 
captain, colonel, major-general and 
lieutenant-general, became a marshal of 
France at thirty-two, and won all his 
distinction before forty. Pizaxro com- 
pleted the conquest of Peru at thirty-five 
and died at forty, while Cortez effected 
the conquest of Mexico and completed 
his military career before the age of 
thirty-six. At thirty-six Scipio Afri- 

50 



MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 

canus the Younger had completed the 
destruction of Carthage. Genghis Khan 
had achieved many of his victories and 
became emperor of th Tongols at 
forty, and Gonsalvo Cordova 

achieved a great reputa and was 

made commander-in-chief of tli ^my 
of Italy at forty-one. 

It is a curious fact that the three gi 
wars of recent times were fought largely 
by older generals. Some one has gone 
to the trouble to compile the ages of 
these officers, and with interesting re- 
sults: Thus, in 1861, the ages of some of 
the Union commanders in the great 
Civil War were: Grant, 39; Sherman, 
41; Sheridan, 30; McClellan, 35; Rose- 
crans, 42 ; Thomas, 45 ; Buell, 43 ; Han- 
cock, 37; Meade, 46; McDowell, 43; 
Pope, 38. Among the Confederates, 
Lee was 55; Bragg, 46; Jackson, 37; 

51 




THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Hood, 30; Ear*ly, 43; Longstreet, 40; 
Beauregard, 4&\ Stuart, 28; Hill, 36; 
Buckner, 3Y. The Franco-Prussian 
War was fought largely by old generals. 
Von Molttee was 70 and Von Steinmetz 
was 74. The triumphs of the recent 
Russo-Japanese conflict were those of 
old* men. Marquis Oyama was 62; 
^odzu, 63; Kuroki, 60; Oku, 58; Nogi, 
55: Nishi, 58; Kodama, 52; and Fu- 
shimi, 46. 



PRECOCITY AMONG ARTISTS, POETS, 
AND OTHERS 

Evidences of environmental precocity 
have been noted in other lines of life. 
Thus, Visconti was a marvel of intelli- 
gence at sixteen months, and preached 
at six years. Horace Greeley, before he 
was two years old, gave evidence of re- 

52 



MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 

markable precocity; he had learned his 
letters before he could talk plainly, and 
at six had read the Bible through. Gas- 
sendi preached at four, and Mirabeau 
at three. The latter published books at 
ten. John Stuart Mill learned the 
Greek alphabet at three; by eight he 
had read much Greek; at eight he 
learned Latin; at twelve began a thor- 
ough study of scholastic logic; and at 
thirteen began the study of political 
economy. Wren invented an astronom- 
ical instrument and dedicated it in 
Latin to his father when only four years 
of age. Claude Joseph Vernet drew in 
crayons at four, and was celebrated as 
a painter at twenty. Pico della Miran- 
dola in his childhood knew Latin, Greek, 
Chaldaic, Syriac, and Arabic. G. 
Wetton could translate Latin, Greek, 
and Hebrew at five, and at ten knew 

53 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Chaldaic, Syriac, and Arabic. Isaac 
Watts began the study of the classics 
in his fifth year, and at seven or eight 
composed some of his devotional pieces. 
Corot from childhood demonstrated that 
he was a born artist. Landseer in his 
fifth year drew fairly well, and excel- 
lently at eight years of age. At ten he 
was an admirable draftsman, and at 
thirteen he drew a majestic St. Bernard 
dog so finely that his brother Thomas 
engraved and published the work. Bul- 
wer Lytton the novelist wrote ballads 
at five years of age, and at fifteen pub- 
lished "Ismael, an Oriental Tale, with 
other Poems." Scott at the age of six 
defined himself as a "virtuoso"; at ten 
he was a connoisseur in various read- 
ings. Dean Alford at six wrote a little 
manuscript volume, "The Travels of 
St. Paul"; before eight he had penned 

54 



MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 

a collection of Latin odes in miniature; 
at nine he had compiled a compendious 
"History of the Jews," and before ten 
he had produced a series of terse ser- 
mons. Wieland at seven knew Latin, 
meditated an epic at thirteen, and pub- 
lished a poem at sixteen. At seven 
Cope made drawings of jellyfish and 
other marine fauna which he had seen 
on a voyage to Boston. Kotzebue at- 
tempted comedies at seven, and wrote 
his first tragedy at eighteen. Reynolds 
at eight made a fine drawing of his 
school-house, and Leibnitz at the same 
age taught himself Latin, and at twelve 
had begun Greek. Macaulay at eight 
had written a " Compendium of Uni- 
versal History" and a romance in three 
cantos— "The Battle of Cheviot"; at 
ten he wrote a long poem on the his- 
tory of Olaus Magnus, and "Fingal," a 

55 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

poem in twelve books of blank verse. 
Dante composed a sonnet to Beatrice at 
nine, and Goethe wrote several lan- 
guages before the age of ten. Metas- 
tasio improvised at ten; and Robert 
Browning, while still a youth, acquired 
the triple reputation of poet, musician, 
and modeler. Edwin Forrest when 
scarcely eleven years old formed a Thes- 
pian society, and Gainsborough at ten 
had sketched every fine tree and pictur- 
esque cottage near Sudbury. Lope de 
Vega Carpio wrote poems at twelve, 
and at the same age Byron, Pope, and 
Tennyson began their work. Pope's 
"Ode on Solitude" appeared at this age, 
and his "Pastorals" were published at 
sixteen. At twelve Tennyson wrote an 
epic of six thousand lines, and at four- 
teen a drama in blank verse of perfect 
meter. Calderon published his "Chariot 

56 



MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 

of Heaven" at thirteen; and Ascoli, a 
work in Wallachian and Trioulian dia- 
lects. Hans Christian Andersen, before 
his fourteenth year, had written several 
tragedies and poems, including the 
"Dying Child." Raphael was re- 
nowned at fourteen; Fenelon preached 
an excellent sermon at fifteen; and at 
the same age Victor Hugo wrote "Irta- 
mene." At sixteen Moore translated 
"Anacreon," and Lamennais wrote the 
"Words of a Believer." Spenser pub- 
lished verse at sixteen and seventeen ; at 
eighteen Albert Gallatin was clear- 
minded, sober, and practical; at the 
same age Lessing wrote a comedy, "Der 
junge Gelehrte"; Jerrold, his first 
comedy, "More Frightened than Hurt" ; 
and Byron, his "Hours of Idleness." 
Bryant at nineteen wrote his celebrated 
"Thanatopsis," and Gautier his "Al- 

57 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

berta" and other poems. Galileo from 
his earliest childhood was remarkable 
for intellectual aptitude and mechanical 
invention. At nineteen he discovered 
the isochronism of the pendulum in the 
cathedral at Pisa, and fifty years later 
turned this to account in the construc- 
tion of an astronomical clock. Before 
the age of twenty, Hugo had published 
"Hans of Iceland" and his first volume 
of "Odes and Ballads." 



THE PHILOSOPHERS 

There is a danger here, capable of be- 
coming a bone of contention and a rock 
of offense, that as fair and impartial stu- 
dents of the human mind we must recog- 
nize and avoid. These remarkable state- 
ments that must astound us and arouse 
a wave of enthusiasm, admiration, and 

58 



MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 

respect, represent precocious beginnings 
only or in large part, and must not be 
confounded with the true life-work 
of the persons. Professor Wallin of 
Princeton and others are eminently cor- 
rect when they call attention to the fact 
that Comte and Pascal, Kant and 
Schelling, Hume, Helmholtz, Schopen- 
hauer, Bacon, and many others of the 
school of philosophers, were thinkers at 
unusually tender years. The work done 
then, however, was not their life-work, 
but only the faint dawning that indi- 
cated the brilliant day that was to 
follow. Thus, while Bacon may have 
conceived his "Novum Organum" at fif- 
teen, it was not until the ripe age of 
fifty -nine that he gave it to the printers. 
While Kant, the greatest of all criticists, 
wrote his "Estimate of Living Force" 
at twenty-three, he published his "Cri- 

59 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

tique of Pure Reason" at fifty-seven. 
Schelling began writing as a boy of 
seventeen, and at twenty-five published 
his "System of Transcendental Ideal- 
ism/' one of the most finished and satis- 
factory of his works ; but it was not until 
after his death at seventy-nine that his 
substantial and weighty "Philosophy of 
Mythology and Revelation" was given 
to the world. Helmholtz at twenty-six 
wrote his "Kraft," the most important 
essay in natural science for centuries, 
but what of his magnificent work of the 
next quarter of a century? It is easy 
to advance arguments to prove the accu- 
racy of any theory, but a study of the 
mentality of a given person requires a 
comprehensive review of all his work. 
It remains true, therefore, that beyond 
being suggestive of richness to come, 
these early beginnings do not indicate 

60 



MENTAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUNG 

the acme of mental ability. This is pres- 
ent only during the years in which the 
masterwork of the person is being ac- 
complished. It is essential, accordingly, 
to find the age of the performance of the 
magnum opuSj in order to affirm when a 
man is at his highest value to his fellows. 



61 



CHAPTER IV 

THE ACME AND DUKATION OF 
MENTAL ACTIVITY 

Having in this manner disposed of 
the initial age of mental activity, 
and having reviewed the remarkable 
performances of the prodigies who have 
astounded and delighted their fellow- 
men and who have wonderfully helped 
in the mental development of the world, 
we reach what is probably the most in- 
teresting phase of the subject. When 
is an individual mind most useful to the 
world, and how long does it, as a rule, 
maintain the high standard to which it 
has aspired? Again, advancing from 
the individual to the various groups of 

62 



DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

workers and thinkers, what is the 
average age of masterful production 
for these men of mentality, and what 
the average age for all the groups 
studied as a whole? 

THE AGE OF THE MASTERPIECE 

The summum bonum of a man's life— 
who shall say when or what it is in any 
given case? It becomes almost a work 
of supererogation to attempt to desig- 
nate any single act or performance as 
the one most valuable in any man's ca- 
reer. Reduced to the ultimate, it be- 
comes, after all, only the expression of 
an individual opinion, save in those 
striking instances in which by general 
consent a certain achievement is recog- 
nized as the man's greatest work. No 
one would deny that in "Paradise Lost" 

63 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Milton attained the highest expression 
of his mentality, that Wellington 
achieved his greatest fame when he won 
the field of Waterloo, that Bacon's 
"Novum Organum" is his greatest ac- 
complishment, and that "Don Quixote" 
exceeded anything else that Cervantes 
ever did. In other life-records one act 
may appear equal to another at differ- 
ent stages in the man's development; 
or to one observer the influence of one 
deed may far outweigh that of another, 
and contrariwise. This difficulty has 
been exceedingly hard to overcome, and 
without any attempt at dogmatism, but 
with the earnest desire to ascertain the 
truth as far as may be possible, has the 
decision been made in the disputable 
records. 

Having been arranged in this man- 
ner, the records give an average age of 

64 



DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

fifty for the performance of the master- 
work. For the workers the average age 
is forty-seven, and for the thinkers fifty- 
two. Chemists and physicists average 
the youngest at forty-one; dramatists 
and playwrights, poets and inventors, 
follow at forty-four; novelists give an 
average of forty-six ; explorers and war- 
riors, forty-seven ; musical composers 
and actors, forty-eight; artists and 
divines occupy the position of equi- 
librium at fifty ; essayists and reformers 
stand at fifty-one; physicians and sur- 
geons line up with the statesmen at 
fifty-two; philosophers give an average 
of fifty-four; astronomers and mathe- 
maticians, satirists and humorists, reach 
fifty-six ; historians, fifty-seven ; and 
naturalists and jurists, fifty-eight. As 
may be noted, there is a rearrangement 
of the order at this time, but the think- 
5 65 



THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 

ers, as before, and as would naturally 
be expected, attain their full maturity 
at a later period than the workers. 

Interesting and unexpected as it may 
be, even this average age of fifty is mis- 
leading ; for it must be remembered that 
the four hundred lives that have been 
analyzed included many that were 
snuffed out prematurely by accident, 
murder, suicide, and the untimely tak- 
ing off by disease. Many of these men, 
as Byron, Shelley, Keats, Poe, Mungo 
Park, Christopher Marlowe, and 
Thomas Chatterton (who committed 
suicide when but eighteen years of age) 
completed their life-works before the 
age of forty had been reached. It is 
safe to conclude that had these men 
rounded out lifetimes of fifty, sixty, or 
seventy years, as they had every right to 
anticipate and expect, they would have 

66 



DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

done even better work than that already 
accomplished. Would Byron at thirty- 
five with the completion of "Don Juan" 
have written his greatest poem even had 
he been permitted to attain the statutory 
age of seventy? Would Poe at thirty- 
six with his "Raven" and weird tales 
have reached the acme of a life that 
might have spread out to sixty years? 
Would Christopher Marlowe, who was 
but twenty -nine years old when slain by 
a drunken brawler, never have done 
anything greater than he had accom- 
plished up to that time? It stands to 
reason that these men had only begun 
to show the wonderful possibilities of 
their minds, and had they been permit- 
ted to live longer doubtless still greater 
and more brilliant achievements of men- 
tality would have been placed to their 
credit. It is probable that then the 

67 



THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 

average age of the masterpiece would 
be nearer sixty than fifty. However, 
this is but supposition, and the facts as 
ascertained must stand. 

The corollary is evident. Provided 
health and optimism remain, the man of 
fifty can command success as readily as 
the man of thirty. Health plus optim- 
ism read the secret of success; the one 
God-given, the other inborn, also, but 
capable of cultivation to the point of 
enthusiasm. 



THE DUKATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

A line of mental activity, once begun 
may continue indefinitely, its duration 
being dependent upon a number of cor- 
related conditions, such as the state of 
health, opportunity, accident, and ambi- 
tion. In the four-hundred records com- 

68 



DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

prised in the present study, the average 
duration of the mental process was forty 
years. For the thinkers it was thirty- 
nine years, and for the workers forty- 
one. This only confirms the natural 
inference, since the thinkers generally 
develop later in life. The only reason 
why there is not a greater difference is 
that a considerable number of the think- 
ers prolonged their mental labors, and 
most effectively, far beyond the usual 
limit of productive cerebration. The 
duration is the shortest for poets and 
satirists and humorists, being only 
thirty-three years. Explorers, reform- 
ers, novelists, dramatists, and play- 
wrights show a duration of thirty-five 
years ; warriors, chemists, physicists, 
and philosophers, thirty-seven years ; 
statesmen, thirty-eight years; essayists, 
forty years; musical composers, forty- 

69 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

one years; actors and artists, forty-two 
years; historians and divines, forty- 
three years; jurists, forty-four years; 
naturalists, forty-five years; physicians 
and surgeons, forty-six years; astrono- 
mers and mathematicians, forty-seven 
years ; and inventors, forty -nine years. 

Thirty-five per cent, of the men 
ceased their mental activity in the 
seventh decade; 22^ per cent, in the 
eighth; 20% per cent, in the sixth; 10^4 
per cent, in the fifth ; 6 per cent, in the 
ninth ; 4^ per cent, in the fourth. One 
man, Chatterton, ended his career in the 
second decade; three in the tenth dec- 
ade; and five in the third. Seventy- 
eight and a quarter per cent, closed their 
life-work between fifty and eighty years 
of age, and 85 per cent, after the fiftieth 
year. 

While in the vast majority of cases 
70 



DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY , 

declining physical and mental ability 
progressed pari passu to the cessation 
of life, there loom up amid the general 
wreck of the bodily and cerebral powers 
some striking instances of remarkable 
mental vitality and virility, standing 
out, like beacon-lights of hope, far be- 
yond the period of normal decay. 
These mental heroes counterbalance the 
achievements of the young, already 
mentioned, if not in numbers, truly in 
productive value and influence upon the 
culture and welfare of the race. No 
greater inspiration can be found in all 
the records of life-work than in a review 
of these achievements of old age. 

A GROUP OF TITANS 

Thus Bockh, the "baby" member of 
the group, at seventy published one of 

71 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

the greatest of his works, "Zur Ge- 
schichte der Mondcyclen der Hellenen." 
Between the ages of seventy and eighty- 
three, Commodore Vanderbilt increased 
the mileage of his road from 120 to 
10,000 and added about one hundred 
millions to his fortune. Grote, in his 
seventy-first year, began his work on 
"Aristotle." At this time he writes: 
"My power of doing work is sadly 
diminished as to quantity, but as to 
quality (both perspicacity, memory, 
and suggestive association bringing up 
new communications), I am sure that 
my intellect is as good as it ever was." 
He died in his seventy-seventh year, leav- 
ing "Aristotle" unfinished. At seventy- 
two, Handel, blind for the last six years 
of his life, composed his oratorio, "Tri- 
umph of Time and Truth," and died at 
seventy-four, working until the last. 

72 



DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

Eight days before his death he played 
the organ at a performance of his "Mes- 
siah." At the same age Meyerbeer pro- 
duced his greatest opera, "L'Africaine," 
Samuel Johnson published the best of 
his works, "Lives of the Poets," and 
Littre completed his greatest of all dic- 
tionaries. Wordsworth was appointed 
to the laureateship at seventy -three, and 
lived to see his eightieth birthday. 
George Buchanan, the stout old Scotch- 
man, wrote his "De Jure Regni" in de- 
fense of popular rights at seventy-three, 
and lived four years longer. Galileo at 
seventy-three made his last telescopic 
discovery — that of the diurnal and 
monthly librations of the moon. At 
seventy-four, Kant wrote his "Anthro- 
pology," the "Metaphysics of Ethics," 
and the "Strife of the Faculties," and 
Thiers helped to establish the French 

73 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

republic and became President, holding 
that exalted office for two years, Tinto- 
retto at the same age painted his crown- 
ing production, the vast "Paradise," a 
canvas seventy-four feet by thirty. 
Verdi, when seventy-four, produced his 
masterpiece, "Otello," which is thought 
to be an immense advance over anything 
he had yet written, and in his eightieth 
year wrote "Falstaff," which was as 
brilliant a work as "Otello." When 
eighty-five he wrote his "Ave Maria," 
"Laudi alia Virgine," "Stabat Mater," 
and "Te Deum," all wonderfully beau- 
tiful. Holmes at seventy-four pub- 
lished his medical essays, and "Pages 
from an Old Volume of Life"; at 
seventy-five wrote his essay on Emer- 
son; at seventy-six published "A Mortal 
Antipathy" and "The New Portfolio"; 
at seventy-eight wrote "Our Hundred 

74 



DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

Days in Europe"; and at seventy-nine 
published "Over the Tea-Cups," dying 
at the ripe old age of eighty-five. Long- 
fellow at seventy-five wrote his impos- 
ing meditation "Hermes Trismegistus" 
and the beautiful "Bells of San Bias." 
At the same age Isaac D'Israeli pub- 
lished his "Amenities of Literature," a 
three-volume work, and that notwith- 
standing total blindness for three years 
preceding. At seventy-five Henry Clay 
was still a leader in the land, Hallam 
published his "Literary Essays and 
Characters," Metternich was driven 
from power, Bismarck was forced from 
the Chancellorship by the German Em- 
peror, Crispi assumed the Premiership 
of Italy, and Allen G. Thurman was 
nominated for the Vice-Presidency of 
the United States. Hugo at seventy-five 
wrote "History of a Crime" ; at seventy- 

75 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

seven published "Le Pape" ; at seventy- 
eight, "L'Ane"; at seventy-nine, "Les 
Quatre Vents de TEsprit"; and at 
eighty, "Torquemada." Lamartine at 
seventy-six wrote a novel, "Fior 
d'Aliza." Washington Irving lived to 
be seventy-six, and wrote his "Life of 
Washington" in his last years. Peru- 
gino at seventy-six painted the walls of 
the Church of Castello di Fontignano, 
and Humboldt postponed until his 
seventy-sixth year the beginning of the 
crowning task of his life, the prepara- 
tion of the "Kosmos," which he success- 
fully completed in his ninetieth year. 
Biot at seventy-seven prepared an 
enlarged edition of his "Physical Astron- 
omy," which he completed at eighty- 
three, living five years longer. Jacob 
Grimm died at seventy-eight, working 
to the last, and Laplace, dying at the 

76 



DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

same age, said with his last breath: 
"What we know is nothing; what we do 
not know is immense/ ' Lamarck at 
seventy-eight completed his greatest 
zoological work, "The Natural History 
of Invertebrates," and lived until 
eighty-five years of age. Whittier at 
seventy-nine published "Poems of Na- 
ture" and "St. Gregory's Guest." Wil- 
liam Cullen Bryant, when seventy-five, 
published his "Letters from Spain and 
Other Countries" and "Letters from the 
East"; when seventy-seven he published 
his brilliant translations of the "Iliad" 
and the "Odyssey"; at seventy-nine, a 
volume of "Orations and Addresses," 
and was active until his death from heat- 
exhaustion when eighty-four years old. 
Browning wrote with undiminished 
vigor until his death at seventy-seven. 
When seventy-five he published "Par- 

77 



THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 

leyings with Certain People," and "Aso- 
lando" appeared shortly before the close 
of his life. Joseph Jefferson, the be- 
loved American comedian, was as ef- 
fective in all his roles when seventv-five 
as when at the height of his physical 
power. 

THE OCTOGENARIANS 



What shall we say of the octogenarians 
and of those who were older? As is well 
known, Cato at this age began the study 
of Greek, Plutarch began his first les- 
sons in Latin, and Socrates learned to 
play on instruments of music. Ar- 
nauld, the theologian and sage, trans- 
lated Josephus in his eightieth year. 
Gladstone began his great Midlothian 
campaign, which overthrew the Con- 
servative Government, and put himself 

78 



DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

and his party in power, at eighty years 
of age. He became Premier for the 
fourth time at eighty-three, and held the 
office for two years. West painted ad- 
mirably until eighty years of age, and 
Goethe, at Weimar, completed "Faust" 
when as old. Hahnemann married at 
eighty, and was working at ninety-one 
years. Simonides won the prize for 
verse when over eighty years of age, 
and Ranke at the age of eighty began 
his "History of the World," and lived 
to complete twelve volumes, dying at 
the age of ninety -one. His later works 
show no diminution of power, and he 
wrote until within a few days of his 
death. Buffon, the great French nat- 
uralist, until shortly before his death at 
eighty-one, labored upon his "Natural 
History," a work of forty-four volumes. 
Henry G. Davis at eighty-one was nomi- 

79 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

nated for the Vice-Presidency of the 
United States; Palmerston was Prime 
Minister of England when he died at 
that age, and John Quincy Adams was a 
power in the House of Representatives 
when stricken at eighty-one. Bancroft 
published the concluding volume of his 
"History" at eighty -two, and died at 
ninety-one. Charles Willson Peale, the 
painter, at eighty-two wielded his brush 
without the aid of spectacles and did 
some of his best work. Voltaire at 
eighty-three published a tragedy, 
"Irene"; and Tennyson, whose age was 
eighty-three, gave the world in his 
"Crossing the Bar" one of the most 
beautiful of swan-songs. Newton at 
eighty-three worked as hard as he did 
in middle life, and Herbert Spencer 
died at the same age, almost with pen in 
hand. Thomas Jefferson was fruitful 

80 



DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

in council until the day of his death at 
eighty-three. Rennell at eighty-three 
read a paper "Concerning the Identity 
of the Remains at Jerash, whether they 
are those of Gerasa or Pella," and the 
next year another "Concerning the place 
where Julius Caesar landed in Britain." 
Talleyrand, dying at eighty-four, had, 
under successive French rulers, been 
a power all his life. Landor wrote 
his "Imaginary Conversations" when 
eighty-five years old, and at eighty-seven 
published his last volume of "Heroic 
Idylls." Guizot at eighty-seven showed 
unimpaired mental vigor and activity, 
and Hobbes, the English philosopher, 
at the same age published his version of 
the "Odyssey," and his "Iliad" one year 
later. A few weeks before his death, in 
his ninetieth year, he wrote to his pub- 
lisher, "I shall have something in Eng- 
6 81 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

lish for you shortly." Von Moltke, 
when eighty-eight, was still chief of staff 
of the Prussian army, and John Wesley 
at that age preached almost every day 
and still held the helm of Methodism. 
At eighty-nine, Michelangelo was still 
painting his great canvases ; Theophras- 
tus's greatest work, "The Character of 
Man," was begun on his ninetieth birth- 
day, and Izaak Walton wielded a ready 
pen at ninety. John Adams retained all 
his great mental ability up to the time of 
his death at ninety-one, and Pope Leo 
XIII showed no sign of intellectual de- 
crepitude when he died of old age at 
ninety-three. Cornaro was in far better 
health at ninety-five than at thirty, and, 
it is said, was as happy as a boy. Fon- 
tenelle was as light-hearted at ninety- 
eight as at forty; Macklin, the Irish 
actor, born in 1690, performed in Eng- 

82 



DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

land in 1789, being then in his ninety- 
ninth year; and, wonder of wonders! 
Chevreul, the great scientist, whose un- 
tiring labors in the realm of color have 
so enriched the world, was busy, keen, 
and active when death called him at the 
age of 103. 

With such achievements of the truly 
aged confronting us, who so bold as to 
attempt to set a limit to the usefulness 
of any man? It remains true, as the 
venerable Dr. Cuyler has indicated, that 
for many of the purposes and achieve- 
ments of life youth and early manhood 
are the most favorable; but for certain 
others the compacted mental fiber, long 
experience, and matured judgment of 
old age, are the most serviceable endow- 
ments. The one cannot usurp the place 
of the other, and the first only paves the 
way for the second. Not infrequently 

83 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

those mentalities that ripen the slowest 
last the longest, and often the history 
of these great men has been persistent 
neglect and worldly coldness until 
forty or more years have passed before 
their greatness has been conceded by 
their contemporaries. Truly, "the life 
history of a great genius is almost inva- 
riably one of a sad and somber tone, a 
walk apart from the beaten path." 
Such are the words of one who should 
know what the "doers of deeds" must 
endure. Be this as it may, it is now 
recognized that many of the finest 
achievements in business, statesmanship, 
literature, and in all activities, have been 
wrought by men long past sixty. 
Writes one: "No strong man will accept 
sixty as the arbitrary limit of his ambi- 
tion and working ability." 

Axiomatically speaking, the deter- 
84 



DURATION OF MENTAL ACTIVITY 

mination and the capacity to hold on 
and to make never-ending effort are the 
main elements in deciding success in 
self -culture, advancement, and growth 
in every line of work. Heredity, how- 
ever, counts for much. Innate nervous 
and mental energy are essential. He 

who comes into the world but feebly 

i 

equipped in these qualifications is sadly 
I handicapped in the battle of life. Like- 
wise environment influences destiny to 
a noteworthy degree. Early surround- 
ings, parental and associate, determine 
the direction and growth of the mind. 
Self-confidence, determined effort, and 
inherent mental force will work won- 
ders, no matter how rugged the soil may 
seem. 



85 



CHAPTER V 

WHAT THE WORLD MIGHT 
HAVE MISSED 



A distinguished citizen of the world, 
jljL a man of extreme culture and 
erudition, whose achievements and lite- 
rary contributions have incalculably en- 
riched the storehouse of knowledge, not 
long ago remarked in a notable address : 
"Take the sum of human achievement, 
in action, in science, in art, in literature ; 
subtract the work of the men above 
forty, and while we should miss great 
treasures, even priceless treasures, we 
would practically be where we are to- 
day. It is difficult to name a great and 
far-reaching conquest of the mind which 

86 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

has not been given to the world by a 
man on whose back the sun was still 
shining. The effective, moving, vitaliz- 
ing work of the world is done between 
the ages of twenty-five and forty." 

No more genial and kindly disposed 
person exists than Professor Osier, the 
originator of these views. Love for his 
fellow-man and intense sympathy are 
his striking characteristics. Only the 
most honest belief prompts every utter- 
ance of his pen. Statements from such 
a source, however startling or distasteful 
to the average reader, command an 
earnest perusal, a close and searching 
investigation — but not a blind accept- 
ance. For even the most thoroughly 
grounded may, if arguing from appa- 
rently sound, but actually incorrect, 
premises, arrive at logically correct, but 
virtually erroneous, conclusions. If the 

87 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

deduction be correct, why, one would 
reason, should the earth be cumbered 
with so much intellectual deadwood, the 
span of life be extended to threescore 
and ten years only that there may be 
thirty years of regression and slow but 
progressive mental decay? Nature in 
all her many laboratories is prodigal in 
her profusion, but never aimlessly so. 
There is an excess of production, but 
never a useless accumulation. Only that 
survives which is found worthy; all else 
speedily makes way for more powerful, 
more efficient, and more productive suc- 
cessors. The Pre-tertiary times pre- 
pared the way for the Tertiary, this for 
the Quaternary, and all for the dwelling 
of man upon the earth. The antedilu- 
vian must perish in order that his more 
worthy successor should find the way 
clear for his development. The super- 

88 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

stitions of antiquity and of medieval 
times vanish before the sunburst of 
education and accumulated knowledge. 
Only in the noblest creation of nature 
are we to find a notable exception. Man 
is at his best in his youthful days, and 
then, resisting the sublime law of the 
"survival of the fittest," insists upon 
lingering here that he may gloat over 
his early successes or bemoan his intel- 
lectual decay, according to the peculiar 
temperament with which he has been 
endowed. 

The sweeping and iconoclastic state- 
ment of the brilliant savant at first sight 
would seem to discount temperament, 
experience, accumulated learning, judg- 
ment, discretion, maturity — all that go 
to make the intellectual granite and 
marble of the impressive and command- 
ing man of middle age. Impulse, ini- 

89 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

tiative, adventure, rise to the acme of 
desirability, and are the golden virtues 
to be cultivated and apotheosized. Only 
fifteen vears of mental effort, and the 
climax is reached! Then begins the in- 
evitable descent to oblivion and decay. 
Again, it would seem to indicate that all 
these virtues, desirable enough in their 
place and time, are strictly and irrev- 
ocably limited to a certain period of the 
human development. Beyond this 
epochal dead-line they cannot be found, 
save in monumental exceptions which 
are the wonder and perplexity of the 
hidebound scientist. 

Does history warrant or corroborate 
such a conclusion? Most assuredly not, 
and doubtless it was far from the inten- 
tion of the writer of the opening para- 
graph even to intimate as much. The 
record-book of the world is replete with 

90 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

the opportunities and successes of age and 
experience. As some one has said: "The 
golden thread of youth is carried to a 
much later period of life now than it was 
in former years." An Indian, chided for 
being sixty, replied that the sixties con- 
tain all the wisdom and experience of 
the twenties, thirties, forties, and fifties. 
Yes, and some of the initiative, also. 
The Patriarch of the Exodus, when an 
impulsive and immature man of forty, 
deeming the hour had struck, took the 
initiative in his own hands, blundered, 
through a misconception of the times, 
and, because of his rash and inop- 
portune murder of the Egyptian 
brawler, was compelled to flee the land. 
For forty years he was immured in the 
wilderness of Midian, buffeted by wind 
and tempest, exiled from human com- 
panionship, gnawed at by conflicting 

91 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

mental emotions, there to learn the se- 
cret of self-control, and through pro- 
tracted communion with nature to 
acquire the massiveness and robustness 
of character that were essential for his 
true work at eighty. 

It is not the motive of the present 
essay, however, to make up the cudgels 
of defense for the unfortunates who 
have attained to the age of forty and 
over. Let them speak for themselves. 
A feeling of curiosity to know what 
would be subtracted from the sum of 
achievement had life arbitrarily been 
terminated at successive ages has promp- 
ted what can only properly be termed 
a retrograde analysis. Let it be sup- 
posed that all life had ceased at the 
individual age of seventy; then at sixty, 
fifty, and forty, and what then would 
have been left as the result of mental 

92 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

activity in the first four decades of life? 
Here is a wide field for most interesting 
investigation. The scope is tremendous, 
embracing the outcome of mental activ- 
ity throughout the period of the world's 
authentic history, and it at once becomes 
evident that only a few pivotal facts 
can be selected as illustrative of the ac- 
complishments of the various decades. 
The omission of one or another of the 
great records must not be construed as 
in any sense depreciatory or as delimit- 
ing their values and influence upon the 
evolution of the race. 



AFTER SEVENTY 

The Biblical limitation of life is three- 
score years and ten, and any attainment 
of years over and beyond this age is by 
reason of strength. If it had been de- 

93 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

creed that no man should exceed this 
statutory limit, what, then, would have 
been missed from the category of the 
world's achievements? In addition to 
the wonderful work of the "group of 
Titans," of which mention has already 
been made, there must now be deducted 
a record of achievement even more 
astonishing than this. 

In the first place, in the sphere of 
action, the great Mosaic law, which lies 
at the foundation of, and has virtually 
constituted, the moral law of the nations 
ever since its evolution, would never 
have been promulgated — at least as the 
Mosaic law. For let it be remembered 
that it was . presented to the Hebrew 
exodists when its hoary-headed sponsor 
had rounded out a century or more of 
existence. It may be asserted that this 
law would inevitably have been enacted 

94 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

sooner or later had not the ancient law- 
giver seized upon the opportunity when 
it presented itself. This is undoubtedly 
true, not only of the Mosaic law, but of 
all great achievements which wait the 
destined man and hour for their evolu- 
tion and elaboration. It in no wise de- 
tracts, however, from the fact that this 
fundamental law was given to the world 
by one who had attained to extreme age 
—the twilight of life — far beyond the 
average working-period of man. Again, 
Savigny, the founder of modern juris- 
prudence, would not have published his 
famous treatise on "Obligations," which 
he did when seventy-four years of age. 
Palmerston would not have attained the 
primacy of England, nor Disraeli have 
served his second term in that office. 
Benjamin Franklin's invaluable service 
in France would have been lost to his 

95 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

country; Gladstone would not have be- 
come the "Grand Old Man" of England 
and for eleven years have held the prime 
ministership; and Henry Clay's Omni- 
bus Bill to avert the battle on slavery 
would not have been conceived. 

In the field of science notable losses 
would have to be recorded. Galileo 
would not have made the wonderful dis- 
covery of the moon's diurnal and 
monthly librations. Spencer's "In- 
adequacy of Natural Selection" and 
Darwin's "Power of Movement in 
Plants" and "The Formation of Vege- 
table Mould through the Action of 
Worms" would not have been written. 
Buffon's five volumes on minerals and 
eight volumes on reptiles, fishes, and 
cetaceans, would have been lost. Von 
Baer, the eminent biologist, would not 
have composed his monumental "Com- 

96 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

parative Embryology." Harvey's 
"Exercitationes de Generatione Anima- 
lium" would not exist; Euler's greatest 
astronomical work, "Opuscula Analy- 
tical' and Galileo's most valuable book, 
"Dialogue on the New Science," would 
have failed of publication. 

Priceless treasures would be elimi- 
nated from the art-collections of the 
world. Titian would not have lived to 
paint his "Venus and Adonis," "Last 
Judgment," "Martyrdom of St. Lau- 
rence," "Christ Crowned with Thorns," 
"Diana and Actseon," "Magdalen," 
"Christ in the Garden," and his "Battle 
of Lepanto," which appeared when the 
artist was ninety-eight years old. Ben- 
jamin West would not have painted his 
masterpiece, "Christ Rejected"; Corot's 
"Matin a Ville d'Avray," "Danse An- 
tique," and "Le Bucheron," would not 

7 97 






THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 



exist; nor would Cruikshank's frontis- 
piece to Mrs. Blewitt's "The Rose and 
the Lily/' the latter having been com- 
pleted when the artist was eighty -three 
years old. In music, Rossini's "Petite 
Messe Solennelle" would have been lost. 
And what shall we say of the realm 
of literary effort? It is astonishing to 
note what these old men of seventy and 
over have contributed in this direction. 
Benjamin Franklin's inimitable auto- 
biography ; Disraeli's "Endymion" ; 
Landor's masterful "Hellenics" ; Schill- 
ing's "Philosophy of Mythology and 
Revelation" ; Chateaubriand's.celebrated 
"Memoires d'outre-tombe" ; Milman's 
"History of St. Paul's"; Voltaire's 
tragedy "Irene"; Leigh Hunt's "Stories 
in Verse"; Emerson's "Letters and So- 
cial Aims"; Ruskin's "Verona and 
Other Lectures"; Michelet's "History 

98 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

of the Nineteenth Century"; Guizot's 
"Meditations on the Christian Re- 
ligion" and his large five-volume "His- 
tory of France"; Swedenborg's "De 
Coelo et de Inferno" and his "Sapientia 
Angelica"; Tennyson's "Rizpah," "The 
Foresters," "Locksley Hall Sixty Years 
After," and other famous poems ; Long- 
fellow's "Ultima Thule"; Hallam's 
"Literary Essays and Characters"; 
Washington Irving's "Wolfert's 
Roost"; Holmes's "Iron Gate and 
Other Poems"; Ranke's "History of 
Wallenstein," and his "History of Eng- 
land" ; Hobbes's "Behemoth,"" Rosetum 
Geometricum," "Decameron Physiolo- 
gicum," and "Problemata Physica"; the 
last three volumes of Bancroft's history; 
Froude's "Life of Lord Beaconsfield" 
and "Divorce of Catherine of Aragon"; 
much of Mommsen's "Corpus Inscrip- 

99 



THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 

tionum Latinarum"; and Goethe's 
" Wilhelm Meisters Wander j ahre." 

BETWEEN SIXTY AND SEVENTY 

Had the seventh decade (that which 
may well be termed the period of his- 
tory-making and autobiography) been 
eliminated from the totality of human 
life, still greater drafts upon the store- 
house of knowledge and achievement 
would have to be made. From the field 
of action alone most important events 
would be deducted. That remarkable 
ethico-political system, Confucianism, 
which has done so much to mold the 
Celestial intellect, would have been lost 
to China; Bismarck would not have in- 
stituted the career of Germany as a col- 
onizing power; Pasteur's discovery of 
the value of inoculation for the preven- 

100 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

tion of hydrophobia would have been 
left for some other bright intellect to 
evolve. Monroe would not have enun- 
ciated the famous doctrine for the 
development and protection of the 
American nationalities. Von Moltke 
would not have executed the marvelous 
campaign that won the Franco-Prussian 
War, nor would Sir Charles Napier's 
famous campaign in the Sind, with its 
great and decisive victories of Meanee 
and Hyderabad, have been conceived. 
The United States would have lost the 
brilliant career of John Hay as Secre- 
tary of State, and the great principle of 
the preservation of the unity of China 
would not have been established, to the 
undoing of national, political, and terri- 
torial greed. Columbus would not have 
accomplished his third and fourth great 
voyages, wherein he discovered the 

101 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

South American continent and the 
island of Martinique. England would 
not have profited by the magnificent 
statesmanship of Palmerston; John 
Adams would not have attained the 
Presidency nor Jefferson have served 
his second term. Beaconsfield's primacy 
in England, Crispi's in Italy, and Dan- 
iel Webster's second term in the Depart- 
ment of State would have been lost to 
their respective governments, while the 
American Colony would have been 
deprived of Benjamin Franklin's in- 
valuable services at home. In the great 
religious struggle in Europe, Luther's 
pamphlet on the "Wittenberg Reforma- 
tion" and much of his personal influence 
would have been abolished ; and Sa- 
vigny's great "Modern System of 
Roman Law" would not have enriched 
the literature of jurisprudence, 

102 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

From the granaries of science must 
be extracted some of their choicest ac- 
cumulations, including Darwin's famous 
"Descent of Man," hi's "Insectivorous 
Plants/' and "Emotions in Man and 
Animals"; Buffon's "Natural History 
of Birds"; Tyndall's "Essays on the 
Floating Matter of the Air" ; Herbert 
Spencer's "Factors of Organic Evolu- 
tion" ; Audubon's "Biography of Amer- 
ican Quadrupeds"; Lyell's third great 
work, "Antiquity of Man"; John Hun- 
ter's masterpiece on "Blood, Inflamma- 
tion, and Gunshot Wounds"; Max 
Miiller's "Buddhist Texts from Japan," 
"Science of Thought," "Lectures on 
Natural and Physical Religion," and 
"Anthropological Religions" ; La- 
grange's remarkable work, "Theory of 
the Analytical Functions"; Biot's en- 
larged "Elementary Treatise on Phy- 

103 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

sical Astronomy"; Galileo's famous 
"Dialogue with God upon the Great 
Systems of the World"; Leverrier's 
tremendous task of the revision of the 
planetary theories; D'Alembert's im- 
portant work, "Opuscules mathema- 
tiques"; John Napier's masterful 
invention of the system of logarithms 
and his description thereof, — which is 
second only to Newton's "Principia,"— 
and his "Rabdologia," descriptive of the 
famous Napier enumerating bones ; and 
Faraday's "Experimental Researches 
in Chemistry and Physics," and his 
"Lectures on the Chemical History of 
a Candle." 

Truly priceless treasures would be 
missed from the galleries and labora- 
tories of art and music. Michelangelo's 
celebrated "Last Judgment," the most 
famous single picture in the world, and 

104 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

his frescos in the Sistine Chapel ; Corot's 
"Solitude," "Repose," and other beauti- 
ful works; Cruikshank's elaborate etch- 
ing for B rough's "Life of Sir John 
Falstaff," and his most important pic- 
ture, "Worship of Bacchus"; Titian's 
period of artistic acme, including his 
"Battle of Cadore" and the portraits of 
the twelve Csesars; West's famous can- 
vases, including the celebrated "Christ 
Healing the Sick"; Perugino's frescos 
in the Monastery of Sta. Agnese in 
Perugia; Turner's inimitable "Fighting 
Temeraire," his "Slave Ship," and his 
Venetian sketches; Meissonier's famous 
"Friedland— 1807," "Cuirassier of 
1805," "Moreau and his staff before 
Hohenlinden," "Outpost of the Grand 
Guard," "Saint Mark," and many 
others of his works ; Blake's great series 
of engravings illustrating the Book of 

105 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Job; Bouguereau's "Love Disarmed/' 
"Love Victorious," "Psyche and Love," 
"Holy Women at the Sepulchre," "Lit- 
tle Beggar Girls," and other works; 
Hogarth's "The Lady's Last Stake," 
"Bathos," and "Sigismunda Weeping 
over the Heart of her Murdered 
Lover"; Murillo's series of pictures in 
the Augustinian Convent at Seville 
illustrating the life of the "glorious doc- 
tor," and his able portrait of the Canon 
Justino; Reynolds's portraits of Mrs. 
Siddons as "The Tragic Muse," the 
Duchess of Devonshire and her child, 
Miss Gwatkin as "Simplicity," and 
"The Infant Hercules"; Landseer's 
powerful "Swannery Invaded by Sea 
Eagles" and his "Pair of Nutcrackers"; 
Wagner's "Parsifal"; the two works on 
which Haydn's claims to immortality 
mainly rest, the oratorio, "Creation," 

106 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

and the cantata, "The Seasons"; Verdi's 
famous "Requiem"; Handel's oratorios, 
"Judas Maccabaeus," "Joshua/' "Solo- 
mon," "Susanna," "Theodora," and 
"Jephtha"; Gluck's "Armide" and his 
famous "Iphigenie en Tauride"; Gou- 
nod's brilliant oratorio "La Redemp- 
tion," his "Le Tribut de Zamora," the 
oratorio "Death and Life," and the 
"Messe a la Memoire de Jeanne d'Arc" ; 
and Meyerbeer's "Star of the North" 
and "The Pardon of Ploermel." 

The devastation in the field of litera- 
ture would be irreparable. Now would 
be eliminated Littre's great "Dictionary 
of the French Language," pronounced 
the best lexicon in any living tongue; 
Grote's "Plato and the Other Compan- 
ions of Socrates"; Ranke's "History of 
England" ; Grimm's celebrated "Corre- 
spondence litteraire"; Newman's "Apo- 

107 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

logia," the greatest and most effective 
religious autobiography of the nine- 
teenth century, his "Dream of Geron- 
tius," a poem of great subtlety and 
pathos, and his "Grammar of Assent"; 
Sydney Smith's trenchant "Letters on 
the Ecclesiastical Commission"; Sir 
Richard Burton's translation of the 
"Arabian Nights"; Kenan's "History 
of the Israelitish People"; Southey's 
"Doctor"; the third part of Butler's 
"Hudibras"; Grant's "Memoirs"; Lan- 
dor's famous "Pericles and Aspasia" 
and his equally famous "Pentameron" ; 
Herbert Spencer's "Man versus the 
State" and "Ecclesiastical Institu- 
tions"; Thomas Chalmers's noted 
"Institutes of Theology" ; Lowell's 
"Old English Dramatists," "Hearts- 
ease and Rue," and some of his "Poli- 
tical Essays" ; John Knox's "Historie of 

108 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

the Reformation" ; Carlyle's largest 
work, "History of Frederick the 
Great"; Corneille's "Attila" and "Tite 
et Berenice"; Defoe's "Fortunes and 
Misfortunes of Moll Flanders," "Jour- 
nal of the Plague Year," "Political 
History of the Devil," and "System of 
Magic"; the second part of "Don 
Quixote," which is much superior in 
invention to its predecessor, though 
composed when the author was sixty- 
seven years of age; also Cervantes's 
second best work, "Novelas Exempla- 
res," and his most successful poem, 
"Voyage to Parnassus"; Saint-Simon's 
last and most important expression of 
his views, "The New Christianity"; 
Leigh Hunt's "Autobiography," "Wit 
and Humor," and "A Jar of Honey 
from Mount Hvbla"; Swift's "Polite 
Conversation" ; Schopenhauer's "Par- 

109 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

erga und Faralipomena" ; Goethe's 
"Theory of Color/' his autobiography 
"Poetry and Truth, and many of 
his best poems; Young's "Night 
Thoughts" ; Wordsworth's "Evening 
Voluntaries"; Bryant's "Letters of a 
Traveler"; Guizot's "History of the 
British Commonwealth"; Swedenborg's 
famous "Arcana Coelestia"; Bulwer 
Lytton's "Kenelm Chillingly," "The 
Coming Race," and "The Parisians"; 
Edmund Burke's "Reflections on the 
Revolution in France" and his splendid 
"Letters on a Regicide Peace"; Bun- 
sen's well-known "Bible-work," "God 
in History," and "Egypt's Place in 
Universal History"; Wilhelm Grimm's 
"Old German Dialogues"; Hugo's 
"Toilers of the Sea," "The Man Who 
Laughs," and "The Terrible Year"; 
Isaac D'Israeli's "Genius of Judaism" 

110 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

and "Commentary on the Life and 
Reign of Charles I"; Du Maimer's 
"The Martian"; the second series of 
Matthew Arnold's "Essays in Crit- 
icism"; George William Curtis's "Easy 
Chair"; Wyclif's most important book, 
"Trialogus"; John Stuart Mills "Essay 
on Theism"; Huxley's "Evolution and 
Ethics"; Berkeley's famous "Common- 
Place Book," one of the most valuable 
autobiographical records in existence; 
many of Verne's best works, including 
"The Mysterious Island"; Dean Stan- 
ley's "Christian Institutions," an ex- 
ceedingly, important work ; Coleridge's 
famous "Epitaph" and his "Confessions 
of an Inquiring Spirit"; Milton's 
"Paradise Regained," "Samson Ago- 
nistes," and "History of Britain to 
the Norman Conquest"; Condillac's 
"Logic" and the important work, "Corn- 
Ill 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

merce and Government"; Zola's "Ve- 
rite"; Parkman's "Montcalm and 
Wolfe" and "A Half Century of Con- 
flict"; Hobbes's masterpiece, "Levia- 
than," and his famous "Elementa 
Philosophica de Cive," "De Corpore 
Politico," and "Human Nature"; Leib- 
nitz's celebrated "Essais de Theodicee," 
his "Monadologie," and the "Principes 
de la JNTatur et de la Grace" ; Mommsen's 
"Provinces of the Roman Empire" ; La- 
martine's "History of the Restoration" 
and "History of Russia"; Hallam's 
"Introduction to the Literature of 
Europe" ; Bockh's great work, "History 
of the World-cycles of the Greeks"; 
Voltaire's unsurpassable tale "Can- 
dide"; Ruskin's "Arrows of the Chase," 
"Art of England," and the fascinating, 
though unfinished autobiography "Prae- 
terita"; Milman's great work, "History 

112 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

of Latin Christianity"; Emerson's "So- 
ciety and Solitude," his anthology, "Par- 
nassus," and "Lectures on the Natural 
History of the Intellect" ; Dryden's mas- 
terful second ode on "St. Cecilia's Day" 
and his translation of Vergil; the eigh- 
teen volumes of Lacepede's "General, 
Physical, and Civil History of Europe" ; 
Michelet's monumental work, "History 
of France"; Jacob Grimm's two 
masterpieces, "History of the German 
Language" and the "Deutsches Wor- 
terbuch"; Locke's "Thoughts on 
Education," "Vindication," and "Rea- 
sonableness of Christianity"; Francis 
Bacon's "History of Henry VII," 
"Apothegms," and "History of Life 
and Death"; Diderot's "Essay on the 
Reigns of Claudius and Nero"; 
D'Alembert's "Dream" and his play, 
"Jacques le Fataliste"; Washington 
8 113 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Irving's "Oliver Goldsmith" and "Lives 
of Mahomet and his Successors" ; Whit- 
tier's "Among the Hills," "Ballads of 
New England," "Hazel Blossoms,'' 
"Mabel Martin," and "Vision of 
Echard" ; Longfellow's "New England 
Tragedies," "Aftermath," "Hanging of 
the Crane," and "Mask of Pandora"; 
Tennyson's "Gareth and Lynette," 
"Last Tournament," "Queen Mary," 
"Harold,"— the best of his dramas,— 
the lyric "Revenge," "Defence of Luck- 
now," and "The Lover's Tale"; Brown- 
ing's "Dramatic Idyls," "The Inn 
Album," and "Aristophanes' Apology" ; 
Holmes's "Poet at the Breakfast- 
Table," "Songs of Many Seasons," 
"The Iron Gate," and "Memoirs of 
John L. Motley" ; the fourth part of Le 
Sage's "Gil Bias" ; Froude's lives of Cae- 
sar and Carlyle and "The English in the 

114 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED k 

West Indies"; Lew Wallace's "Prince 
of India"; Lever's "The Bramleighs of 
Bishop's Folly" and "Lord Kilgobbin"; 
Reade's "A Woman-Hater," "The 
Wandering Heir," and "The Jilt"; 
Samuel Richardson's "Sir Charles 
Grandison"; Trollope's "The Prime 
Minister," "The American Senator," 
and "Is He Popenjoy?" and Ib- 
sen's "Hedda Gabler," "The Master 
Builder," "Little Eyolf," "John Ga- 
briel Borkman," and "When the Dead 
Awake." 

BETWEEN FIFTY AND SIXTY 

The sixth decade of life has been most 
prolific in human achievement, and may 
well be designated as the age of the 
masterwork. In action alone its accom- 
plishments have revolutionized history, 

115 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

and it would be most difficult to con- 
ceive what would be the present status 
of the world's affairs had these ten 
years of individual life never existed. 
Columbus would not then have made his 
discovery of the American continent; 
Marlborough would not have won the 
great victory at Blenheim; Morse's in- 
vention of the telegraphic alphabet 
would have been lost; Richelieu would 
not have attained supremacy in France 
and concluded the Peace of West- 
phalia ; Caesar would not have corrected 
the calendar or have written his "Com- 
mentaries"; Cromwell would not have 
overthrown Charles I and established 
the Protectorate in England; Lincoln 
would not have issued his Emancipation 
Proclamation; Bright's great fight in 
Parliament for reform would not have 
been made; Loyola would not have 

116 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

founded the Society of Jesus, nor Jef- 
ferson have established the Democratic 
party in the United States; Knox's 
great work of the Reformation in Scot- 
land would have been lost; Wyclif 
would not have made the first complete 
English version of the Bible, nor 
Luther the first complete translation of 
that book; Schliemann's excavations at 
Troy and elsewhere would not have en- 
riched archaeology; Humboldt would 
not have established a line of magnetic 
and meteorologic stations across north- 
ern Asia; Galvani would never have 
enunciated his celebrated theory of ani- 
mal electricity, nor John Hunter have 
discovered the uteroplacental circu- 
lation, first ligated successfully the 
femoral artery in the canal that bears his 
name, and have built his famous ana- 
tomical museum when generally recog- 

117 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

nized as the first surgeon in England; 
Kepler would not have invented his 
wonderful table of logarithms, nor 
Faraday have lived through his second 
great period of research in which he 
discovered the effect of magnetism on 
polarized light and the phenomenon of 
diamagnetism. Lord Chesterfield's fa- 
mous system of social ethics and the 
Hegelian and Lotzian systems of 
philosophy would have been lost. Leib- 
nitz would not have founded the Acad- 
emy of Berlin, nor Bunsen have urged 
the unity of Germany. Wellington 
would not have accomplished the Eman- 
cipation of the Catholics during his 
primacy. Penn would not have made 
his famous treaty with the Indians; 
Laud and Cranmer would not have in- 
fluenced the church of England, and the 
latter have secured the legalization of 

118 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

the marriage of the clergy. John 
Adams's celebrated "Defense of the 
American Constitution" would have 
been lost; Washington would not have 
become the first President of the 
United States, nor would Talleyrand 
have overthrown the Napoleonic Em- 
pire, secured the ascension to the 
throne of Louis XVIII, and achieved 
his supreme triumph at the Congress 
of Vienna; Robert E. Lee's services 
would have been lost to the Confede- 
racy, and much of Von Moltke's re- 
markable activity in strategical and 
tactical military affairs would have 
been missed; Herschel would not have 
invented his great reflecting telescope, 
nor have made his sublime discovery of 
the action of mechanical laws in the 
movements of the celestial bodies. 
Swedenborg would not have experi- 

119 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

enced his religious change and founded 
his order. Joe Jefferson would not 
have made the part of "Bob Acres" a 
national favorite, nor Irving have 
reached the apex of his career. Guizot 
would not have attained the primacy of 
France and ruled for eight years; Peel 
would not have contributed his master- 
work in improving the finances of his 
country. Canning's brilliant career in 
Parliament would have been lost, to- 
gether with the formation of the Triple 
Alliance between France, Russia, and 
Great Britain which resulted in the in- 
dependence of Greece. Monroe would 
not have served through his administra- 
tion, Edmund Burke have devised his 
famous India Bill and secured the im- 
peachment of Warren Hastings, nor 
Garibaldi have become the dictator of 
Italy. 

120 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

Scientific investigation would have 
been impoverished by the loss of Leidy's 
famous contributions to biology ; the first 
fifteen volumes of Buffon's "Natural 
History"; Darwin's "Fertilization of 
Orchids" and "The Habits and Move- 
ments of Climbing Plants"; Cuvier's 
magnificent "Natural History of 
Fishes" and his "History and Anat- 
omy of Mollusks"; and Huxley's 
"Physiography" and "Science and Cul- 
ture." Herbert Spencer would not 
have contributed his "Study and Prin- 
ciples of Sociology," "Political and 
Ceremonial Institutions" and "The 
Data of Ethics"; Hugh Miller's 
masterwork, "My Schools and School- 
masters," would have been lost. Saint- 
Simon, would not have written his 
"L'Industrie" and "L'Organisateur" ; 
Galileo his "II Saggiatore"; La- 

121 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

grange his great work "Mecanique 
analytique" ; John Stuart Mill his 
"Representative Government" and 
"Utilitarianism"; Copernicus his great 
treatise on "The Revolutions of Celes- 
tial Bodies"; Boerhaave his famous — 
"Elements of Chemistry"; and Adam 
Smith his masterpiece on the "Wealth 
of Nations." Biot's "Researches in - 
Ancient Astronomv" would have been 
lost, as would also Condillac's "Study 
of History" and his "Treatise on Ani- 
mals," Sir Richard Burton's "Zanzibar" 
and "Gold Mines of Midian," and 
Rennell's celebrated "Geographical 
System of Herodotus." Faraday would 
not have published the first two volumes 
of his "Experimental Researches in 
Electricity," Diderot would not have 
prepared the main part of his great 
French encyclopedia, nor Tyndall have _ 

123 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

j written the "Use and Limit of Imagi- 

j nation in Science." 

Many famous pictures would be 
missed from the galleries of the world, 
including Velasquez's great portrait of 
Innocent X, which was pronounced by 
Reynolds the finest picture in Rome; 
his famous portrait of Pareja; the mas- 
terful "Spinners," the splendid "Venus 
and Cupid," "Maids of Honor," and 
many other of his works ; some of Rey- 
nolds's best work ; Cruikshank's tragical 
and powerful series of pictures for "The 
Bottle"; Perugino's masterpiece, "Ma- 
donna and Saints," in the Certosa of 
Pavia, and his wonderful paintings in 
the audience-hall of the Guild of Bank- 
ers of Perugia; Leonardo da Vinci's 
famous "Battle of the Standard," de- 
signed when the artist was the most fa- 
mous painter of Italy; Gainsborough's 

123 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

most noted work, the "Duchess of 
Devonshire"; Romney's famous "In- 
fant Shakespeare attended by the 
Passions," and "Milton and his Daugh- 
ters" ; the most brilliant works of Rem- 
brandt, including his masterpiece, 
"Syndics of the Cloth Hall," "Jewish 
Bride," and the "Family Group of 
Brunswick"; Corot's famous "Sunset in 
the Tyrol," "Dance of the Nymphs," 
"Dante and Vergil," "Macbeth," and 
"Hagar in the Desert"; Titian's "Ve- 
nus" of Florence, and "St. Peter Mar- 
tyr"; West's "Death of Wolfe" and 
the noted "Penn's Treaty with the 
Indians" ; Tintoretto's magnificent 
"Plague of Serpents," "Moses Striking 
the Rock," and many of his memorable 
paintings, including the four extraor- 
dinary masterpieces, "Bacchus and 
Ariadne," "Three Graces and Mercury," 

124 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

"Minerva discarding Mars," and the 
"Forge of Vulcan"; Constable's famous 
"Valley Farm"; the best of Turner's 
work, including "Ulysses Deriding 
Polyphemus,*" "Bridge of Sighs," 
"Ducal Palace," and "Custom House, 
Venice"; Landseer's excellent "Flood 
in the Highlands," "Deer in Repose," 
and "Deer Browsing"; Hogarth's ad- 
mirable prints of an "flection," "Paul 
before Felix," "Moses brought to Pha- 
raoh's Daughter," and "Gate of 
Calais" ; Rubens's equestrian picture of 
Philip IV, "Banqueting House at 
Whitehall," "Feast of Venus," the por- 
traits of Helena Fourment, and over 
forty pictures in Spain; Millet's "The 
Knitting Lesson," "November," and 
"Buttermaking" ; Meissonier's "Desaix 
and the Army of the Rhine" ; and Bou- 
guereau's well-known "Youth of Bac- 

125 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

chus," "Mater Afflictorum," "The Birth 
of Venus," "Girl Defending Herself 
from Love," and "The Scourging of 
our Lord." 

From the musical conservatories 
would be taken Spohr's great work, 
"The Fall of Babylon"; Meyerbeer's 
famous production, "The Prophet"; 
Verdi's "Don Carlos" and the great 
"A'ida"; Gluck's superb "Alceste" and 
"Paris and Helen"; Handel's great 
oratorios, "The Messiah," "Saul," 
Israel in Egypt," "Samson," "Joseph," 
Belshazzar," and "Hercules"; Bach's 
magnificent "Mass in B minor," pro- 
nounced one of the greatest master- 
pieces of all time; Beethoven's famous 
"Choral Symphonies"; Brahms's su- 
preme achievement, the four "Ernste 
Gesange"; and Wagner's "Ring of the 
Nibelung" and "Die Meistersinger." 

126 



cc 



cc 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

And what shall we miss from the 
bookshelves? Priceless treasures in very 
truth. The works of Aristotle and 
Plato; Kant's "Critique of Pure Rea- 
son"; Bacon's celebrated "Novum 
Organum"; Locke's famous "Essay 
Concerning Human Understanding" ; 
the second part of Butler's "Hudibras" ; 
Raleigh's prison-written "History of 
the World"; Reade's "Foul Play" and 
"Put Yourself in His Place"; the last 
volume of Niebuhr's "Historv of 
Rome"; George Fox's "Journal"; Bun- 
yan's "Holy War" and the second part 
of "The Pilgrim's Progress" ; Haw- 
thorne's second masterpiece, "The 
Marble Faun"; La Rochefoucauld's 
famous "Maxims"; Boswell's "Life of 
Johnson"; the third book of Mon- 
taigne's "Essays" ; Voltaire's wonderful 
"Philosophical Dictionary" and his fa- 

127 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

mous "Diatribe du Docteur Akakia"; 
Sir Edwin Arnold's "Light of the 
World" and "With Sa'di in the Gar- 
den"; Erasmus's celebrated "Col- 
loquia"; Dickens's "Our Mutual 
Friend" and "Mystery of Edwin 
Drood"; Keble's famous "Lyra Inno- 
centium"; Dryden's best play, "Don 
Sebastian," and his opera "Albion and 
Albanius" ; Hay's (collaborated) life of 
Lincoln; Chateaubriand's "Les Nat- 
chez"; Boucicault's "The Shaughraun," 
and the beautiful "Daddy O'Dowd"; 
Grote's celebrated "History of Greece"; 
the second volume of Penn's "Fruits of 
Solitude"; Chalmers's work on "Poli- 
tical Economy"; Dean Stanley's "His- 
torical Memorials of Westminster 
Abbey"; Goethe's "Natiirliche Toch- 
ter" and the first part of "Faust"; the 
first series of Landor's "Imaginary 

128 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

Conversations"; the third part of "Gil 
Bias"; "Robinson Crusoe"; Rousseau's 
celebrated "Confessions"; "Ben Hur"; 
the last two volumes of Macaulay's 
"History of England"; Lamartine's 
greatest prose work, "History of the 
Girondins"; Cowper's "Task"; "The 
Divine Comedy"; "Paradise Lost"; 
"Canterbury Tales"; "Les Miserables"; 
the first part of "Don Quixote"; Free- 
man's "Ottoman Power in Europe" 
and his famous "The Reign of William 
Rufus"; the second collection of La 
Fontaine's "Fables," pronounced di- 
vine; "Gulliver's Travels," and the 
"Drapier's Letters," Swift's greatest 
political triumph; Sainte-Beuve's 
"Study of Vergil" and the final and 
best series of the "Monday" articles; the 
last seven volumes of Sterne's "Trist- 
ram Shandy"; Gibbon's delightful 
9 129 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

"Memoirs"; Zola's famous "Debacle" 
and "Fecundity"; Montesquieu's mas- 
terwork, "L'Esprit des lois"; Ibsen's 
"A Doll House," "Ghosts," and "Ros- 
mersholm" ; many of Matthew Arnold's 
best essays; Racine's masterpiece, 
"Athalie"; Livingstone's "Narrative of 
an Expedition to the Zambesi" ; Dodg- 
son's "Mathematica Curiosa" and 
"Rhyme and Reason"; Du Maurier's 
"Trilby" and "Peter Ibbetsen"; Leigh 
Hunt's "Captain Sword and Captain 
Pen," "Legend of Florence," and the 
charming "Imagination and Fancy"; 
the most singular of Lever's works, 
"Life's Romance"; Samuel Richard- 
son's "Pamela" and his masterpiece, 
"Clarissa Harlowe"; Hood's "Song of 
the Shirt" and "Bridge of Sighs"; the 
third volume of Isaac D'Israeli's "Curi- 
osities of Literature"; Moliere's bril- 

130 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

liant "Le malade imaginaire" ; Francis 
Parkman's "The Old Regime in 
Canada" and "Count Frontenac and 
New France under Louis XIV"; Cor- 
neille's . "Discourses on Dramatic 
| Poetry" and his "(Edipe," "Sopho- 
nisbe" and "Sertorius"; Berkeley's cele- 
brated "Siris"; Comte's greatest work, 
"System of Positive Polity," and his 
"Catechism of Positivism"; Froude's 
"English in Ireland"; Ranke's "His- 
tory of Prussia" and "History of 
France in the Sixteenth and Seven- 
teenth Centuries"; Browning's "Rabbi 
Ben Ezra," and his masterpiece, "The 
Ring and the Book"; Max Miiller's 
"Origin and Growth of Religion" and 
"Selected Essays on Language, My- 
thology, and Religion"; Ruskin's 
"Proserpina," "Deucalion," and "Lec- 
tures on Art"; Descartes's essay on the 

131 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

"Passions of the Mind"; Lowell's 
"Among My Books" and "My Study 
Windows"; Prescott's "Conquest of 
Peru" and "History of Philip IV"; 
Cooper's "The Deerslayer" and "The 
Two Admirals"; Michelet's "History 
of the French Revolution" and 
"Women of the Revolution"; Wash- 
ington Irving's "Astoria"; Bulwer 
Lytton's "A Strange Story"; Cole- 
ridge's "Aids to Reflection in the 
Formation of a Manly Character"; 
Emerson's "English Traits" and "Con- 
duct of Life" ; Renan's "Marcus Aure- 
lius" and his "Evangelists"; Whittier's 
"In War-Time," "Snow-bound," "Maud 
Muller," and "National Lyrics"; Ten- 
nyson's "Enoch Arden," "The Holy 
Grail," and "Lucretius"; Longfellow's 
"The Courtship of Miles Standish," 
"Tales of a Wayside Inn," "Birds of 

132 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

Passage," and "The Children's Hour"; 
Holmes's "The Professor at the Break- 
fast-Table," "Elsie Vernier," and 
"Humorous Poems" ; Machiavelli's 
"Art of War," "History of Florence," 
and the powerful play, "Mandragola" ; 
Ben Jonson's "The Staple of News" 
and "The New Inn"; Wordsworth's 
"Ecclesiastical Sketches"; Scott's last 
novels, "Woodstock," "The Fair Maid 
of Perth," "Chronicles of the Canon- 
gate," and "Anne of Geierstein" ; Jean 
Paul Richter's "Comet"; and a host of 
other standard works. 



BETWEEN FORTY AND FIFTY 

Finally,, the elimination of the fifth 
decade of life would cause tremendous 
inroads upon the already sadly depleted 
records of human achievement. John 

133 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Gutenberg would not have invented the 
art of printing from type, nor Franklin 
invented the lightning-rod. Humboldt 
would not have devised the system of 
isothermal lines, nor Galvani'the metallic 
arc, nor would the latter have made his 
discovery of dynamic electricity. Priest- 
ley would not have discovered oxygen, 
nor Jenner have made his wonderful in- 
oculation for smallpox, nor Harvey have 
announced his discovery of the circula- 
tion of the blood. Bessemer would not 
have invented his pneumatic process for 
the manufacture of steel, Watt the 
double acting steam-engine, nor Ste- 
phenson have instituted the modern era 
of railways. The colonies would have 
forfeited the invaluable services of 
Washington in the Revolutionary War ; 
Morris would not have been the finan- 
cial support of the Government; Jay 

134 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

would not have become the first Chief- 
Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
United States; Hungary would have 
lost the statesmanship of Kossuth; Tal- 
leyrand would not have accomplished 
his diplomatic career, nor Webster his 
great Congressional record ; Peel would 
not have made his great speech on Cath- 
olic Emancipation; Monroe would not 
have negotiated the Louisiana Pur- 
chase; and Calhoun would not have 
become the author of the doctrine 
of "nullification," to which the Civil 
War may be traced. Grant would 
not have won his great victories of 
the Civil War, nor would Sherman 
have achieved his military fame. Wren 
would not have designed St. Paul's 
Cathedral. France would have lost 
the services of Maret and Cardinal 
Mazarin. Cavour would not have 

135 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

become the virtual ruler of Italy 
and convened the first Italian Par- 
liament, nor would Savonarola have 
become the lawgiver of Florence. 
Blackstone would not have prepared his 
"Commentaries"; Nelson would not 
have won the battle of Trafalgar, nor 
Cromwell his victories at Marston Moor 
and Naseby. Cardinal Wolsey would 
not have enjoyed his successful career; 
Boerhaave would not have introduced 
the svstem of clinical instruction into 
the study of medicine. Richard Henry 
Lee would not hare suggested holding 
the Continental Congress, and thereby 
have strongly incited to the revolution 
of the Colonies. Luther would not have 
published the famous Augsburg Con- 
fession, nor Knox have become a Prot- 
estant and begun the Reformation in 
Scotland. Bright would not have made 

136 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

his great speech on the Crimean War, 
nor Turgot have accomplished his mag- 
nificent work in France as Minister of 
Finance; Richelieu would not have had 
his famous military and diplomatic 
career; Wellington would have missed 
his campaign in Spain and would not 
have overthrown Napoleon at Waterloo ; 
Reynolds would not have founded the 
Royal Academy and have become its 
first president; Edmund Burke would 
not have made his great speech on Con- 
ciliation ; Bunsen have accomplished his 
diplomatic career in Italy ; nor Palmer- 
ston have lived through the most impor- 
tant and successful period of his life, 
during which he placed Leopold upon 
the throne of Belgium. Macready, Irv- 
ing, and Forrest would not have attained 
the height of their power, nor would La 
Salle have explored the Mississippi, Liv- 

137 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

ingstone have made the Zambesi expe- 
dition and discovered the Victoria Falls, 
nor Champlain have founded Quebec 
and established the French power in 
lower Canada. 

Science would lose Huxley's "Anat- 
omy of Vertebrates and Invertebrates" ; 
Darwin's "Origin of Species"; Hugh 
Miller's "The Footprints of the Cre- 
ator"; Lacepede's "Natural History of 
Fishes"; Herbert Spencer's "Principles 
of Biology" and his "Synthetic Philos- 
ophy"; Geoff roy Saint-Hilaire's cele- 
brated "Anatomical Philosophy"; Von 
Baer's "Development of Fishes" and 
"History of the Evolution of Animals" ; 
Linnaeus's masterwork, "Species Plan- 
tarum"; Cope's famous work in pale- 
ontology; Agassiz's great work on 
"Zoology" ; Lamarck's famous "Botan- 
ical Dictionary" and his invention of the 

138 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

name "invertebrate" ; Newton's monu- 
mental "Principia" ; the first volume of 
Audubon's "Birds of America"; Kep- 
ler's extraordinary production, "Celes- 
tial Harmonics," and his "Stereometria 
Doliorum," which entitles him to rank 
among those who prefaced the discovery 
of the infinitesimal calculus; Bunnell's 
great work, "Memoir of a Map of Hin- 
dustan"; Tyndall's studies on heat-radi- 
ation and his "Natural Philosophy" and 
"Dust and Disease"; Diderot's monu- 
mental "Encyclopedia"; D'Alembert's 
"Elements of Philosophy"; Hegel's fa- 
mous "Science of Logic"; Berkeley's 
"Alciphron" and "The Analyst"; Des- 
cartes's "Discourse on Method," "Medi- 
tations on the First Philosophy," and 
"Principia Philosophise," all great 
works; Lotze's fine work, "Mikrokos- 
mos"; Biot's magnificent "Treatise on 

139 



I 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Experimental Physics" ; Ly ell's famous 
"Elements of Geology"; Lavoisier's 
"Method of Chemical Nomenclature' 4 ; 
and Laplace's celebrated "Celestial Me- 
chanics," which contains his enunciation 
of the nebular hypothesis. Lagrange 
would not have published his theory of 
cometary perturbations; Dalton have 
originated the volumetric method of 
chemical analysis ; Galileo have .solved 
the riddle of the Milky Way, discovered 
the satellites of Jupiter, and the triple 
form of Saturn, and have published 
his famous "Sidereus ISTuncius"; nor 
Herschel have discovered Uranus, and 
have begun the most important series of 
observations culminating in his capital 
discovery of the relative distances of the 
stars from the sun and from one an- 
other. 

The art-galleries would have lost Tin- 
140 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

toretto's magnificent "Crucifixion" ; 
many of Gainsborough's finest por- 
traits; Leonardo da Vinci's "Last Sup- 
per," the third most celebrated picture 
in the world ; the best of Du Maurier's 
illustrations ; Dore's illustrations for the 
"Ancient Mariner"; Velasquez's "Sur- 
render of Breda," one of the greatest of 
historical paintings ; Perugino's cele- 
brated "Pieta"; Cruikshank's famous il- 
lustrations for Dickens and Ains worth; 
Rubens's pictures illustrating the life of 
Maria de' Medici, and his magnificent 
"Assumption of the Virgin" and "The 
Massacre of the Innocents"; Millet's 
"Angelus," "The Man with the Hoe," 
and "The Gleaners"; Meissonier's 
"Reading at Diderot's"; Rembrandt's 
greatest works, including the famous 
"Portrait of Jan Six," "John the Bap- 
tist in the Wilderness," and "Jacob 

141 



THE AGE OP MENTAL VIRILITY 

Blessing the Sons of Joseph"; Blake's 
illustrations for Blair's "Grave" ; West's 
famous "Death on the Pale Horse"; 
Turner's "Decline of the Carthaginian 
Empire," "Hostages Leaving Carthage 
for Rome/' and his paintings for the 
"Rivers of England"; Titian's "As- 
sumption of the Madonna," one of the 
most world-renowned masterpieces, the 
famous "Bacchus and Ariadne," "En- 
tombment of Christ," "St. Sebastian," 
and "The Three Ages"; Diirer's mas- 
ter work, "Adoration of the Trinity by 
all the Saints"; Hogarth's admirable 
"Strolling Actresses," the famous 
"Marriage a la Mode," and the series of 
twelve plates, "Industry and Idleness"; 
Paul Veronese's "Feast of Simon the 
Leper," "Feast of Levi," and "Venice 
Triumphant"; Murillo's "Return of the 
Prodigal," "Moses Striking the Rock," 

142 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

and "St. Elizabeth of Hungary"; and 
Landseer's well-known "Stag at Bay," 
"Sanctuary/ 5 "Monarch of the Glen," 
and "Peace and War." In music must 
be noted the loss of Meyerbeer's "Les 
Huguenots"; Handel's oratorios, "De- 
borah" and "Athalia"; Liszt's "Third 
Symphonic Poem"; Wagner's "Tristan 
und Isolde"; Beethoven's pastorals and 
his grand "Missa Solemnis"; Bach's 
"Christmas Oratorio"; Rossini's great 
"Stabat Mater"; Gounod's "Faust" and 
"Romeo et Juliette"; the greatest of 
Spohr's sacred compositions, "The Last 
Judgment" and his oratorio, "The Cru- 
cifixion"; and Gluck's "Orfeo ed Eu~ 
ridice." 

From literature would be missing all 
of Shakspere's masterpieces and most of 
his plays ; the last three books of Spen- 
ser's "Faerie Queene" and the magnifi- 

143 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

cent "Epithalamion" ; Rabelais's "Pan- 
tagruel" and "Gargantua"; Coleridge's 
"Kubla Khan" and "Christabel" ; John 
Stuart Mill's masterful "Political Econ- 
omy"; Kingsley's "Water-babies"; De- 
foe's famous "Mrs. Veal"; Le Sage's 
"Turcaret," one of the best comedies in 
French literature; Samuel Johnson's fa- 
mous "Rasselas" and his "Dictionary of 
the English Language"; Rousseau's 
"La Nouvelle Heloise" ; "The Wander- 
ing Jew"; most of Scott's novels; Em- 
erson's "Representative Men" and the 
second volume of his "Essays"; Whit- 
tier's "Voices of Freedom" and "Songs 
of Labor" ; Rossetti's masterpiece, 
"Dante's Dream" and his "Rose 
Mary"; Racine's famous "Esther"; 
Jonathan Edwards's "Freedom of the 
Will"; many of Beranger's songs; Bur- 
ton's marvelous "Anatomy of Melan- 

144 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

choly"; most of Addison's essays, 
including his creation, "Sir Roger de 
Coverly"; "Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lec- 
tures" ; Wordsworth's "Excursion" ; 
Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Ro- 
man Empire" and his able "Memoire 
Justificatif" ; Hume's "History of Eng- 
land"; Dodgson's "The Hunting of the 
Snark"; Hallam's "Middle Ages" and 
"Constitutional History of England"; 
"The Scarlet Letter," "Mosses from an 
Old Manse," "The House of the Seven 
Gables," "The Blithedale Romance," 
and "Tanglewood Tales"; Carlyle's 
"The French Revolution" and "Oliver 
Cromwell's Letters and Speeches"; 
Pope's "Essay on Man"; the first two 
parts of "Hudibras"; the first portion 
of Bancroft's "History," and of Momm- 
sen's monumental "Corpus Inscrip- 
tionum Latinarum"; Lew Wallace's 
10 145 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

"The Fair God"; Lamartine's "Souve- 
nirs of the East" ; Ranke's "Roman Pa- 
pacy" and "History of Germany in the 
Time of the Reformation"; Boehm's 
great "Theologia Germanica"; most of 
Boucicault's plays; "Lorna Doone" and 
"The Maid of Sker"; the first two vol- 
umes of Macaulay's "History of Eng- 
land" and his "Lays of Ancient Rome" ; 
Washington Irving's "Conquest of 
Granada" and "Life of Columbus"; 
Bulwer Lytton's "Harold," "The Cax- 
tons," and "My Novel"; the first two 
books of Montaigne's "Essays"; La 
Rochefoucauld's "Memoirs"; Trol- 
lope's excellent "Barchester Towers"; 
Ebers's "Homo Sum," "The Sisters," 
"The Emperor," and "Serapis"; Schil- 
ler's "Maria Stuart" and his great "Wil- 
helm Tell"; Petrarch's famous "Epistle 
to Posterity"; the first volume of 

146 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

Thiers's "History of the Consulate and 
the Empire"; "Henry Esmond," "The 
Newcomes," and "The Virginians"; 
Verne's "Twenty Thousand Leagues 
Under the Sea," "Around the World in 
Eighty Days," and "Hector Serva- 
dac"; Lowell's "Fireside Travels" and 
the second series of "The Biglow Pa- 
pers"; "The Song of Hiawatha," "The 
Golden Legend," and "Kavanagh"; 
Isaac D'Israeli's "Calamities" and 
"Quarrels of Authors"; "A Tale of 
Two Cities," "Hard Times," "Uncom- 
mercial Traveller," "Great Expecta- 
tions," "Little Dorrit," and "Bleak 
House"; Sir Edwin Arnold's "Light 
of Asia"; Schopenhauer's "Will in 
Nature"; Motley's "Rise of the Dutch 
Republic" and "History of the United 
Netherlands"; "The Deserted Village" 
and "She Stoops to Conquer"; Gray's 

147 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

great odes, "The Bard" and "Progress 
of Poetry"; Prescott's "Ferdinand and 
Isabella" and "Conquest of Mexico"; 
Milman's "History of Christianity un- 
der the Empire"; "Handy Andy" and 
"Treasure Trove"; Du Chaillu's "Land 
of the Midnight Sun"; "Pilgrim's 
Progress"; "Monte Cristo" and "The 
Three Musketeers"; Henry Fielding's 
"History of Tom Jones" and "Ame- 
lia"; Daudet's famous "Sapho" and 
"Port-Tarascon" ; Balzac's "Modeste 
Mignon" and "Beatrix"; Steele's fa- 
mous political paper, "The Plebeian," 
and his successful comedy, "The Con- 
scious Lovers"; Michelet's "History of 
the Roman Republic" and "The Jesu- 
its"; Condorcet's lives of Turgot and 
Voltaire and his famous "Historic Table 
of the Progress of the Human Soul"; 
Farrar's lives of Christ and St. Paul; 

148 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

"The Moonstone" and "The New Mag- 
dalen"; Matthew Arnold's "Essays in 
Criticism," "St. Paul and Protestant- 
ism," "Literature and Dogma," and 
many of his poems ; Spurgeon's "Com- 
mentary on the Psalms"; Corneille's 
"Heraclius," "Nicomede," and "An- 
dromede"; the first collection of La 
Fontaine's "Fables" and the famous 
"Books of the Contes" ; Dryden's "Mar- 
riage a la Mode," "Love in a Nunnery," 
"GEdipus," and his best drama, "All for 
Love"; Cooper's "The Pathfinder," and 
"The Bravo"; Ben Jonson's "Book of 
Epigrams" ; Richter's masterpiece, 
"Flegeljahre"; Reade's "Never Too 
Late to Mend," "The Cloister and the 
Hearth," and "Hard Cash"; Tenny- 
son's "In Memoriam," "Charge of the 
Light Brigade," "Maud," and "Idylls 
of the King"; Willis's "People I Have 

149 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Met" and "Famous Persons and 
Places"; Lessing's "History and Liter- 
ature" and "Nathan the Wise"; Eras- 
mus's "Adagia" and "Edition of the 
Greek Testament with Corrected Latin 
Version and Notes"; Voltaire's "La 
Pucelle"; Ruskin's fifth volume of 
"Modern Painters," his popular "Ses- 
ame and Lilies," "Ethics of the Dust," 
and "Crown of Wild Olives"; Dean 
Alford's Edition of the Greek Testa- 
ment, with running commentary; 
Fichte's remarkable "Treatise on Sci- 
ence"; the first series of Sainte-Beuve's 
celebrated "Monday" articles; Machia- 
velli's famous "II Principe"; Chateau- 
briand's "Rene" and "Adventures of 
the Last of the Abencerages" ; Max Mul- 
ler's "Chips from a German Work- 
shop" and "Introduction to the Science 
of Religion"; Leibnitz's "History of 

150 



WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

the Brunswick-Liineburg Family" ; the 
first and second volumes of Froude's 
"History of England"; Holmes's "The 
Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table"; 
Freeman's masterpiece, "History of the 
Norman Conquest"; Chalmers's cele- 
brated work in defense of endowment, 
literary and ecclesiastical; most of 
Watt's hymns; Goethe's "Tasso," his 
great "Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre" 
and the noted "Hermann und Doro- 
thea"; Parkman's "Pioneers of France 
in the New World," "Jesuits in North 
America," and "The Discovery of the 
Great West"; Guizot's famous "His- 
tory of Civilization in France" ; the best 
of Moliere's works; Thomson's "Castle 
of Indolence"; Fenelon's famous "Ad- 
ventures of Telemaque"; the first and 
second volumes of Stanley's "History 
of the Jewish Church" and his "Sinai 

151 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

and Palestine" ; the first six volumes of 
Sterne's "Tristram Shandy'' and the 
first series of "Sermons by Yorick"; 
Penn's "History of the Quakers" and 
the first volume of "Fruits of Soli- 
tude"; and Young's "Love of Fame the 
Universal Passion." 

SUMMARY 

What more need be said? Were the 
impossible to come to pass, and the work 
of the veterans of life subtracted from 
the "sum of human achievement," the 
world would not be virtually where it is 
to-day. Well has the gist of the matter 
been condensed in the words of a medi- 
cal contemporary : 

"In one respect at least the man of in- 
tellectual capacity and pursuits is much 
better off than his brother who works 

152 






WHAT WE MIGHT HAVE MISSED 

with his hands. In the world of manual 
labor the pitiful dictum seems well es- 
tablished that at forty the laborer is 'a 
dead one' ; he must not hope for employ- 
ment or a wage after that period. The 
intellectual man, however, despite the 
expression of a famous colleague, main- 
tains the vigor of his mind unabated 
almost until he is ready to step into his 
grave ; and if by this means he gains his 
livelihood, then need he not fear the lack 
of employment or emoluments even 
though his years be far advanced." 



153 



CHAPTER VI 

GENIUS AND INSANITY 

One of the noted brain specialists of 
the present day, himself a man of 
much more than ordinary ability, Profes- 
sor Horatio C. Wood of the University 
of Pennsylvania, has been credited with 
the statemeilt that "every man of genius 
is insane," but, as the distinguished 
southern physician, L. G. Pedigo, has 
shown, the popular association of genius 
with insanity can be traced to the earliest 
periods of antiquity. Thus, while Dry- 
den wrote, "Great wit to madness nearly 
is allied," the philosophic Aristotle, who 
was as close an observer as he was a 
great philosopher and thinker, re- 

154 



GENIUS AND INSANITY » \ 

marked: "Men, illustrious in poetry, 
politics, and arts, have often been mel- 
ancholic and mad like Ajax, or misan- 
thropic like Bellerophon." These men 
but voiced a general observation, and it 
must be conceded, therefore, that the high 
degree of mentality popularly desig- 
nated as genius is acquired, or possessed, 
at the expense of perfect mental equi- 
librium. 

What is actually meant by this popu- 
lar idea can be more scientifically 
expressed as a lack of balance in the 
cerebrational powers due to an exces- 
sive specialization with a corresponding 
over-development of a certain few of 
the brain cells. As a consequence of 
this over-stimulation of a limited por- 
tion of the brain with a necessary neg- 
lect of the rest, brilliancy of intellect in 
one direction may be most incongru- 

155 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

ously associated with deficient judg- 
ment in another direction, while the most 
unexpected and "sulphitic" manifesta- 
tions of brain power will often astonish 
and delight the associates of these men 
of genius. So long as these scintilla- 
tions of wit do not assume outre charac- 
ters or become morbid in their effects 
upon their originators or hearers, they 
must be regarded as entirely physiologic, 
and they then become the most desirable 
traits of genius. It is to these brilliant 
men and women that we owe the bons 
mots of literature and the bewildering 
strokes of genius that have revolution- 
ized the sciences and the arts. These 
individuals become the gifted orators, 
the spell-binding writers, the renowned 
statesmen, and the wizard-like inventors 
and "doers of deeds." Often they are 
brilliant in spite of themselves, and are 

156 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

as astounded at their accomplishments 
as are their less talented companions. 
When the realm of eccentricity is 
reached, however, we may consider that 
genius and insanity are overlapping. It 
would appear, therefore, that while 
every man of genius is not insane, 
genius and insanity are border-lands 
the one to the other, and it is but a step 
across. 

It was Emerson, I believe, who said, 
"Genius does what it must, talent what 
it can." The work of a true genius is 
done irrespective of his volition — there- 
fore it is genius ; while the work of voli- 
tion is labor only, and is often — though 
not always— vastly inferior to the spon- 
taneous creation of the mind. Who can 
deliberately think out brilliancy of re- 
partee? It must come quickly, uncon- 
sciously, without labor— therefore is it 

157 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

brilliant and charming. The normal man 
is conscious, volitional; the abnormal 
or insane man is unconscious, involun- 
tary. The more readily the former can 
pass into the involuntary, unconscious 
state the more nearly does he approach 
the condition of insanity. Now, if true 
genius is the result of the involuntary 
action of the mind, it stands to reason 
that it is closely allied to, if not partaker 
of, the insane state. In other words, it 
must be at the border-line between 
sanity and insanity that true genius is to 
be found ; therefore it is not remarkable, 
nor is it to be wondered at, that these 
men of genius are frequently the vic- 
tims of habits or whims that seem pecu- 
liar and abnormal to their saner com- 
panions. Not every genius, however, is 
afflicted with these peculiar or un- 
pleasant traits; therefore not every 

158 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

genius has planted his foot across the 
border-line of insanity, although it may 
be but a matter of months or years be- 
fore he does so. So long as his voli- 
tional powers are able to govern and 
direct the subconscious genius he is a 
sane man endowed with brilliancy of 
intellect. When the will is no longer 
supreme and fails to restrain the sub- 
liminal consciousness the latter runs riot, 
and the man of genius has overstepped 
the boundary-line of sanity, 

THE TYPES OF GENIUS 

These individuals of genius comprise 
two distinct types of men differing in 
all their characteristics save that of men- 
tal superiority. "Moody" men they 
often are— these men of genius. Yet 
not all. Plodders many of them have 

159 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

been, and while deep in the monotony 
of their plodding has the flash of genius 
illuminated the page, the canvas, or the 
work-bench. Thus it is recorded of 
Trollope, the practical "plodder," that 
he abhorred the expression "waiting for 
inspiration" to write. He claimed that 
a shoemaker or a tallow-chandler might 
just as well await the moment of in- 
spiration for cobbling or melting the 
tallow. He agreed with Dickens and 
Scott and Bulwer and Johnson that per- 
sistent and unremitting labor will bring 
its reward in excellent and truly in- 
spired work. It is said that frequently 
Dickens, when he felt least inclined to 
do so, would take up his pen and liter- 
ally drive himself to write until, under 
the inspiration of the effort, the foun- 
tain would be let loose and the words 
would crowd themselves upon the paper. 

160 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

How different this from Thackeray, 
who would destroy sheet after sheet of 
manuscript until seized by the inspira- 
tion, when he would scribble off pages 
of finished composition without a mo- 
ment's hesitation. So there have been 
certain orators whose best addresses 
were delivered without preparation and 
when their authors were under the influ- 
ence of mild alcoholic stimulation. 

Men and women with highly devel- 
oped emotional natures, as George 
Eliot, are especially subject to the influ- 
ence of inspiration in their work. It is 
well known that George Eliot at times 
became so absorbed in her task that it 
seemed to her some other personality 
than herself was wielding the pen. Her 
imaginary characters for the time being 
became real to her, and it was while un- 
der this obsession she did her best work. 
11 161 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Samuel Johnson, on the other hand, 
claimed that any one could compel him- 
self to produce good and even excellent 
work by setting himself "doggedly to 
it," and Francis Parkman is a striking 
example of this class of genius, working 
as he did for half a century against 
physical limitations that were almost in- 
superable. 

These two classes of great men stand 
in vivid contrast — the moody, emotional, 
"inspired" group, who now and then be- 
wilder the world with lightning-like 
strokes of genius that reveal the untold 
possibilities of their minds, while in the 
intervals they are dejected, inert, and 
non-productive; and the sturdy "plod- 
ders," who by mere force of their supe- 
rior will keep persistently at work and 
flood the intellectual world with valu- 
able effusions of wit, science, art, and 

162 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

literature. With unremitting toil these 
latter become the great producers of the 
world, whose products form the bulwarks 
of intellectual development. Draper, 
Darwin, Dickens, Humboldt, and Car- 
lyle were typical plodders, while Poe, 
Byron, Eliot, and Stephenson belonged 
to the moody and inspirational type of 
genius. 

WHIMS OF GREAT MEN 

At considerable expense of time and 
labor I have collected many of the queer 
fancies, antipathies, and striking pecu- 
liarities of the great men of the world. 
A mere perusal of this list will conclu- 
sively demonstrate the close relationship 
which exists between genius and in- 
sanity. These whims have taken various 
forms. Thus, while in many instances 
the aberration has appeared as a violent 

163 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

and unreasonable antipathy or aversion, 
in others it has assumed some notable 
eccentricity in dress or manner, while 
yet again the mental condition is shown 
in some unusual fancy as to methods of 
living and working. Without any ef- 
fort at explanation the curious facts are 
presented here just as they have been 
culled from literature. 



ANTIPATHIES OF THE GREAT 

Fear has played an important role in 
the development of the antipathies of 
the great — fear that was often ground- 
less in its origin and inexplicable in its 
manifestation. Thus, Marshal Saxe, 
for whom the horrors of a battle-field 
had no terror, was thrown into conster- 
nation and fled at sight of a cat, while 
Henry III of France entertained such 

164 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

an aversion to cats that he fainted when 
he saw one, and the Duke of Schom- 
berg, a soldier of repute, refused to sit 
in the same room with a feline. This 
aversion to cats is probably one of the 
most common dislikes of the great. It 
is reported that a courtier of the Em- 
peror Ferdinand suffered a bleeding 
from the nose whenever he heard the 
mewing of a cat, and a well-known offi- 
cer of the English army during the 
reign of Queen Victoria, the hero of 
numerous campaigns, always turned 
pale at the sight of a cat, and could even 
tell when one was in his vicinity though 
unseen. The unaccountable fear of 
dogs is not so common, although it is 
said that De Musset cordially detested 
them, and Goethe despised them, not- 
withstanding, forsooth, he kept a tame 
snake. Much more frequent is the fear 

165 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

of spiders, centipedes, and other insects. 
Charles Kingsley, thorough naturalist 
though he was, entertained an uncon- 
querable horror of spiders, even the 
common house-spider; Turenne became 
weak when he saw a spider ; while the au- 
thor of the "Turkish Spy" once asserted 
that he would far prefer with sword in 
hand "to face a lion in his desert lair than 
to have a spider crawl over him in the 
dark." Lord Lauderdale, on the con- 
trary, while declaring that the mewing 
of a cat was "sweeter to him than any 
music," had a most intense dislike for 
the lute and the bagpipe ; and Dr. John- 
son was so fond of his cats that he would 
personally buy oysters for them, his 
servants being too proud to do so. 

Rousseau, the philosopher Hobbes, 
and Sir Samuel Romilly dreaded the 
approach of night ; the former was ter- 

166 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

ror-stricken in the dark, Hobbes in- 
sisted upon keeping a light in his bed- 
room all night, while Romilly invariably 
looked under the bed to assure himself 
no one was concealed there. Voltaire, 
the bold and fearless one, was thrown 
into mortal terror at the sound of the 
cawing of rooks, while Julius Caesar 
was almost driven into convulsions by 
the sound of thunder, and St. Thomas 
Aquinas suff ered veritable agony dur- 
ing a thunder-storm. While Montaigne 
preferred odd numbers, he refused to 
sit down to a table with thirteen people, 
and had a strong aversion for Friday, 
as did also Byron who, brilliant though 
he was, believed in omens, dreams, ap- 
paritions, and presentiments. Talley- 
rand and Queen Elizabeth felt such a 
fear of death that neither of them would 
permit the word to be uttered in their 

167 



( THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

presence, and, strange though it would 
seem, the father of the Russian navy, 
Peter the Great, shuddered at the sight 
of water. He would never enter the 
beautiful palace-gardens because the 
river Mosera flowed through them, and 
when out driving he commanded his 
coachman to avoid all roads that ran by 
streams. If compelled to cross a bridge 
or a small brook the emperor would 
close the carriage windows and become 
drenched in a cold perspiration. Boyle 
was thrown into convulsions by the 
sound of water dropping from a faucet. 
James I of England detested tobacco 
and pork, and the sight of a drawn 
sword would throw him into a fit of ter- 
ror. When giving the accolade he inva- 
riably turned his face away, and on one 
occasion, as a result of this peculiarity, 
almost wounded the new-made knight. 

' 168 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

Even flowers have not escaped the 
aversion of some. Thus, Vincent, the 
painter, was seized with vertigo and 
swooned at the smell of a rose, and to 
the Countess of Lamballe a violet was 
a thing of horror. Scaliger states that 
one of his relatives became ill at the 
sight of a lily, and he himself could not 
drink milk, and would turn pale when 
he was confronted by water-cresses. 
The secretary to Francis I was com- 
pelled to stop his nostrils with bread or 
leave the room if an apple was on the 
table. Erasmus became feverish if he 
saw a sea-fish. Marshal d'Albret be- 
came nauseated when he looked on a 
boar's head. Tycho Brahe trembled 
and shook at the knees at the sight of a 
hare, and the Duke of Eperon fainted 
at the sight of a leveret. 



169 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 



NOTABLE ECCENTRICITIES OF THE GREAT 

The eccentricity of Goldsmith took the 
form of dandyism, and who does not 
remember the story of his peach-blossom 
coat? This is in striking contrast to the 
aged and diminutive Thiers, — he was 
scarcely over four feet in height, — w r ho 
would not don the colored scarf of 
honor for fear it would make him look 
like a "Punch and Judy President." 
The farmer Grevy also had a strong 
aversion to uniforms and colors, and was 
pronounced the plainest-looking magis- 
trate from Washington to Berne. It 
irked him, it is said, to wear even the 
funereal black with the cordon of the 
Legion over his breast. 

Some of the relaxations of the great 
170 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

have consisted in simple and even ridicu- 
lous sports. Thus it is said that Shelley 
would consume an entire day in floating 
tiny paper boats on any water he 
chanced to be near. When he thought 
he was in need of a little activity the 
great logician, Samuel Clarke, would 
leap over tables and chairs, frequently 
to their irreparable damage, while Car- 
dinal Richelieu, the dictator of kings, 
found pleasure and amusement in 
jumping and leaping with boys. The 
learned Petavius would find refresh- 
ment in twirling his chair round for five 
minutes at the expiration of every two 
hours; while the most innocent amuse- 
ment of King Charles II consisted in 
feeding the ducks in St. James's Park 
and in rearing the beautiful spaniels 
which bear his name. The Puritan 
Cromwell frequently indulged in blind- 

171 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

man's-buff with his daughters and at- 
tendants; and the poet Cowper built 
bird-cages and consumed many an hour 
in feeding his hares. Nothing delighted 
Henry IV of France more than ram- 
bling about in disguise among the peas- 
antry; while Salvator Rosa would 
assume the character of a mountebank 
in extempore comedies in the streets of 
Rome. Spinoza, the weighty philoso- 
pher, passed his idle hours in setting 
spiders fighting, and would laugh im- 
moderately at their strange antics ; while 
the celebrated librarian to the Duke of 
Tuscany, Antonio Magliabechi, culti- 
vated the spiders which thronged his 
apartments and would caution his visit- 
ors not to injure them. Tycho Brahe 
amused himself by polishing spectacle- 
glasses ; and Joseph Jefferson, ex-Pres- 
ident Cleveland, and Paley, the erudite 

172 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

author of "Natural Theology," found 
health and relaxation in the fishing-rod ; 
while the unfortunate Louis XVI 
whiled away his time at locksmithing. 
It is said that Beethoven kept himself 
the constant victim of a cold by his inor- 
dinate love for cold water, in which he 
would splash and dabble at all hours of 
the day until his room was swamped and 
the water oozed through the flooring to 
the ceiling beneath. He would also 
take daily walks barefooted in the dewy 
fields, 

THE FANCIES OF AUTHORS 

Very curious and extremely interesting 
have been the methods adopted by au- 
thors in the preparation of their books. 
It is said that Scott wrote his finest 
works before breakfast while his friends 

173 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

were enjoying their morning naps; 
while Coleridge could never compose so 
happily as when "walking over uneven 
ground, or making his way through a 
coppice with the twigs brushing his 
face." Wordsworth, on the contrary, 
composed most of his later poems while 
wandering up and down a straight 
gravel walk. Probably the most re- 
markable authorial whim was that en- 
joyed in common by the English poet, 
John Philips, and the great Dutch 
scholar, Isaak Vossius, son of the learned 
Gerardus Johannes Vossius. These men, 
strange to relate, found their greatest 
inspiration while a servant was combing 
their hair. Milton claimed he could not 
compose satisfactorily except between 
the spring and fall equinoxes, during 
which time he thought his poetry was 
inspired. The poets Thomson, Gray, 

174 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

and Collins believed that their inspira- 
tion came during this same period and 
could not write at other times. Accord- 
ing to Crabbe's son, who has published 
an excellent biography of that poet, his 
father "fancied that autumn was on the 
whole the most favorable season for him 
in the composition of poetry, but there 
was something in the effect of a sudden 
fall of snow that appeared to stimulate 
him in a very extraordinary manner. It 
was during a great snow-storm that, 
shut up in his room, he wrote almost cur- 
rente calamo his 'Sir Eustace Gray'." It 
is well known that Southey could write 
only when surrounded by his books and 
other familiar objects. 

The purring of Montaigne's cat, 
which he stroked with his left hand while 
he wrote, stimulated him to produce his 
finest "Essays." Most remarkable were 

175 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

the whims of Hogg, the Ettrick Shep- 
herd, and Graham, the author of "The 
Sabbath," who, as De Quincey relates, 
could not write satisfactorily unless 
fully booted and spurred ; while, accord- 
ing to Horace Walpole, Lord Orrery 
found no stimulus to work so effica- 
cious as a sharp attack of the gout. 
Lord Bacon, it is said, could do his best 
work when inhaling the fumes of a bot- 
tle of claret poured out on newly up- 
turned earth. Buffon was mentally 
helpless without a spotless shirt and a 
starched frill; while William Prynne, 
the talented author of the "Histrio- 
mastrix," was nothing "without a long 
quilted cap which came an inch over his 
eyes." Equally as curious as these is 
the custom of one of the distinguished 
novelists of to-day who can create only 
when sitting surrounded by lighted 

176 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

candles in a darkened room. Before 
Gray would attempt to compose he in- 
variably read some cantos of the "Faerie 
Queene," and Corneille would precede 
his effusions by the perusal of "Lucan." 
Physical and gastric stimulation 
were necessary to many celebrities in 
order that their minds could best func- 
tionate. Thus it is said that the ancient 
philosopher, Carneades, dosed himself 
well with hellebore before writing. De 
Musset was helpless without absinthe, 
while De Quincey, Coleridge, Psalma- 
naazar, Shadwell, Dean Milner, and 
Bishop Horsley invariably wrote under 
the stimulation of opium. Blackstone 
never wrote without a flask of port wine 
at his side, nor Schiller without his Rhen- 
ish wine; while it was necessarv that 
they become intoxicated before iEschy- 
lus, Eupolis, Cratinus, and Ennius 

12 *i rnrr 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

could compose. The fumes of tobacco 
were necessary to stimulate the brains 
of Hobbes, Dr. Parr, and Boxhorne, 
the great Dutch scholar. "Ten or 
twelve pipes with a candle," were inva- 
riably present on Hobbes' desk; while 
Boxhorne, who preferred a long pipe, 
devised a hat with an enormous brim 
which depended before his face and 
which was perforated to support the 
stem of the pipe so that the author 
could have undisputed use of his hands. 
Fuseli and Dryden ate raw meat to 
assist their imagination, and the latter 
frequently had himself bled with the 
same object in view. 

DIETARY HABITS OF FAMOUS MEN 

As might be expected from the fore- 
going review as well as from a general 

178 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

knowledge of mankind, curious habits 
of eating have distinguished many of 
the famous men of the world. Thus, 
while every one knows that John the 
Baptist preferred locusts and wild 
honey as his daily food, it is not so gen- 
erally known that the Evangelist John 
was so abstemious that a handful of 
barley sufficed him for a day, and that 
Mohammed was content with a handful 
of dates and a mouthful of water after 
a day of hard riding. In fact, abstem- 
iousness seems to have been a very com- 
mon trait among the great, and it may 
be that much of their greatness de- 
pended upon this very habit, for a 
repleted system is not conducive to 
mental or physical activity. Pope Pius 
IX required but an egg and a piece of 
bread for his breakfast; Michelangelo 
during the greater portion of his life 

179 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

subsisted on the plain food of an Italian 
peasant; Leonardo da Vinci contented 
himself at any meal with bread and 
oranges; Francis Bacon never ate more 
than one or two simple dishes at a meal ; 
Locke considered that for a studious 
man a piece of fish with bread formed a 
proper breakfast; Raphael lived prin- 
cipally on figs and raisins and other 
dried fruits, with bread ; and Alexander 
the Great, when on a campaign, partook 
of the rations of a common soldier. 

On the other hand, there were some 
celebrated men who were connoisseurs 
of eating and who enjoyed certain spe- 
cial dishes according to the peculiarities 
of their gustatory nerves. Thus Peter 
the Great regarded baked goose stuffed 
with apples as the piece de resistance 
par exddlence, and .Fielding thought 

180 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

that tarts made with currant jelly 
were "heaven's own food." Rare 
Ben Jonson asked no better treat 
than a pork pie with an abun- 
dance of Canary wine, and Macaulay 
claimed that no man need ask for better 
food than plain roast beef and baked 
potatoes. Whose mouth has not watered 
at the luscious repasts described by 
Dickens, who doubtless portrayed his 
own cultivated taste in eating? 

It is said that Henry VIII frequently 
ate himself into a condition of drowsi- 
ness on a haunch of venison, and Walter 
Scott preferred venison to any other 
meat, and potatoes to any other vegeta- 
ble. Kaulbach's favorite dish was sauer- 
kraut and pork, and Frederick the Great 
enjoyed immensely a meal of cabbage 
with salt beef or pork. The Duke of 

181 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

Marlborough on one occasion declared 
that "no soldier can fight unless he is 
properly fed on beef and beer." Vitel- 
lius, the Roman Emperor, and Napo- 
leon Bonaparte were both heavy eaters. 
The latter was not at all choice in his 
gastronomic habits, but would eat rav- 
enously of whatever lay nearest to him 
on the table ; while the Roman emperor 
would eat copiously until filled, and 
then would take an emetic and repeat 
the performance to his own satisfaction, 
doubtless, but to the intense disgust of 
his contemporaries and of countless gen- 
erations since. 



THE NEUROSES OF THE GREAT 

If the foregoing array of whimsical 
fancies were not sufficient to demon- 
strate the kinship of genius and insan- 

182 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

ity, there is a still more pathologic 
aspect of genius which has attracted the 
attention of both the medical and the 
non-medical world. It is a curious fact 
that a very large percentage of the nota- 
bles of the world's history have been the 
subjects of epilepsy, catalepsy, and 
other major nervous affections. Be- 
cause of this intimate association of 
mental disease with brilliancy of intel- 
lect genius itself has, by many neurolo- 
gists, been regarded as a neurosis. 
Balzac pays tribute to the truthfulness 
of this observation in his notable presen- 
tation of "Louis Lambert," and in his 
still greater philosophical novel, "Sera- 
phita." Lombroso, Pedigo, and others, 
who have themselves been free from this 
neurotic taint, have thoroughly searched 
the literature of the subject, and we, as 
scientists, are deeply indebted to them 

183 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

for their great work in this line. It is 
interesting to note that the brilliant 
Charles Lamb, who most pathetically 
endeavored to disprove any such rela- 
tionship between genius and insanity, 
and who was himself a pronounced neu- 
rotic, was at times incarcerated in a 
sanitarium, and in the intervals spent a 
life of devotion in behalf of his insane 
and epileptic sister. 

If the genius himself was not a sub- 
ject of one of these nervous affections, 
a strong family history could frequently 
be traced either in his own generation 
or in the generations immediately pre- 
ceding. The neurosis most commonly 
assumed the type of epilepsy or the 
"falling sickness," although hysteria, 
catalepsy, St. Vitus's dance, idiocy, 
dualism, or dual personality, deaf -mut- 
ism, alcoholism, subconscious cerebra- 

184* 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

tion, and periodic insanity were frequent 
occurrences. This association of genius 
with families and individuals of the 
grave neurotic type is a curious phe- 
nomenon, and it doubtless largely influ- 
enced Lombroso to assume the advanced 
position he has taken which regards 
genius as "essentially an epileptiform 
neurosis." Did every genius who failed 
himself to manifest some grave neurotic 
affection have offspring, it is very prob- 
able that an unusually large proportion 
of them would develop some form of 
hereditary neurosis. A wise provision 
of Providence has intervened, however, 
for it is a noteworthy fact that the lines 
of great men most generally become ex- 
tinct with them or their sons. A mere 
superficial investigation of the subject 
will bear out the accuracy of this obser- 
vation. 

185 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 



THE NEUROSES OF HISTORY 

This is too vast a subject to treat 
largely at this time, and all that can be 
attempted is to call attention to the 
direct proofs of the truthfulness of the 
relationship existing between genius 
and certain nervous affections in the nu- 
merous historical instances which may 
have escaped the attention of the aver- 
age reader. In doing this the writings 
of Lombroso, Pedigo, and others have 
been searched for the most remarkable 
and striking cases that have been re- 
corded. 

It would appear that almost all the 
bright lights of ancient times were neu- 
rotic. "Socrates," writes Pedigo, "pre- 
sented one of the most interesting 
studies in dual personality and subcon- 

186 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

scious conditions in all history in his 
memorable dcemon, which he said guided 
him and inspired him with wisdom." 
Brutus and Julius Csesar were victims 
of hallucinations, and the latter was a 
pronounced epileptic and subject also 
to attacks of vertigo in the midst of his 
public work. Petrarch was an epileptic, 
as was also Mohammed, who, in addi- 
tion, at times during the heat of battle 
became a raving maniac. Peter the 
Great was afflicted with epileptic con- 
vulsions, and an attack would be in- 
duced by the sight of certain colors. 
Paganini was both epileptic and cata- 
leptic. Martin Luther was subject to 
hallucinations, during one attack of 
which he is said to have thrown the his- 
toric inkstand. Chateaubriand, Thomas 
Campbell, and Samuel Johnson showed 
varying degrees of St. Vitus's dance, 

187 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

or at least were subject to choreic move- 
ments. Napoleon, Oliver Cromwell, 
Shelley, Malebranche, Swedenborg, 
Bunyan, Hobbes, Columbus, Goethe, 
Samuel Johnson, and Descartes suf- 
fered at certain periods of their lives 
from hallucinations. Voltaire was a 
hypochondriac and the great Darwin 
gave a neurotic family history. Sir 
Isaac Walton had delusions of perse- 
cution, and Rousseau's confessions 
prove his insanity, which was still more 
conclusively demonstrated at the au- 
topsy. Cowper, Poe, and Lincoln were 
melancholic. Byron's father committed 
suicide while insane, and the poet him- 
self was a subject of melancholia and 
hallucinations. Napoleon believed in 
the dominance of his star; Richelieu, 
Dean Swift, Flaubert, the novelist, Mo- 
zart, Pascal, Handel, Schiller, Napo- 

188 



GENIUS AND INSANITY 

leon, Charles V, and Moliere were all 
epileptic, and Dean Swift eventually- 
developed an incurable insanity. John 
Ruskin had attacks of ungovernable 
rage, and spent some years in an 
asylum; Herbert Spencer was the vic- 
tim of a fixed delusion. 

This remarkable record is more than 
a mere coincidence. It must be looked 
upon as a positive proof of the close 
intimacy that exists between genius and 
the neurotic temperament. 



189 



CHAPTER VII 

THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 

The old theory that weight of brain 
endows its possessor with superior 
faculties has long since been discarded. 
Sims has demonstrated conclusively 
that many celebrated men possessed 
brains having a lesser weight than the 
brain of ordinary mortals or even of 
idiots. The brilliant Gambetta had a 
brain which did not equal in weight that 
of the average child, while the brains of 
Agassiz, Byron, Daniel Webster, Napo- 
leon, and other great men did not ex- 
ceed in weight those of the ordinary 
commonplace man. A curious fact is 

190 



THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 

that heavy as it was, the brain of Tur- 
genieff , the Russian novelist, was greatly 
exceeded in weight by that of an igno- 
rant laboring man. All of which will 
go to prove that a heavy brain is no 
criterion of a person's intellectuality, 
nor does a light brain denote inferior 
mental capacity. Sims advocated the 
theory that the colder the climate the 
larger is the brain. Marchand, in some 
very interesting studies, has demon- 
strated that there is no constant relation 
between body weight and brain weight. 
In general, the weight of the brain is 
greater between the ages of twenty and 
sixty than between sixty and eighty. 
In estimating the mental capacity of a 
brain it is necessary to consider qualita- 
tive conditions and morphologic supe- 
riority as well as, and in preference to, 
the weight of the organ. 

191 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 



MORPHOLOGIC PECULIARITIES OF THE 
BRAIN OF GENIUS 

The preeminent morphologic peculiari- 
ties of brains characterized in life by 
high intellectuality are three. These 
are, probably in the order of their im- 
portance as far as our present limited 
knowledge of the brain will permit us* 
to assume : the number of the connecting 
fibers, the number and depth of the con- 
volutions, and the number of the gray 
cells. This is in reverse order to the 
popular idea that multiplicity of gray 
cells is most important in order that the 
individual attain to a high degree of 
mentality. It goes without saying that 
a deficiency of these working cells of 

192 



THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 

the brain will indicate inferiority in 
mental action, and it is well known that 
monkeys and apes and the lower races, 
as well as idiots and certain degenerates, 
show such a lack of gray cells. But 
given two hypothetic individuals of the 
highest races and with the utmost de- 
gree of cerebral development, and that 
one showing the larger number of con- 
necting fibers will manifest the higher 
degree of cerebrational power. These 
fibers indicate that such a man has had 
better coordinating power whereby he 
could call into play a larger number of 
combinations of cells than could his 
brother who was compelled to depend 
more upon the individual action of the 
various gray cells, equally numerous 
though they might have been. 

This view is still further carried out 
by the studies of comparative anato- 

13 193 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

mists, who agree in stating that in no 
other species of animal life are the cere- 
bral connecting fibers so numerous and 
complicated as in man. As is well 
known, even by the laymen, there is a 
great connecting band between the two 
halves of the upper brain known as the 
"hard body" or corpus callosum. Now, 
in direct line with the course of reason- 
ing already given come the investiga- 
tions of Spitzka and other brain experts 
who assert that this body is much larger, 
broader, and deeper in men of great in- 
telligence than in men of average mental 
ability. If this be true, and there is no 
reason to doubt the accuracy of the ob- 
servation, it can have but one significa- 
tion: the telegraphic wires, so to speak, 
between the correlated gray cells of 
either cerebral half are multiplied, and 
by the mere physical law of bulk require 

194 



THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 

more space for their transmission. Ac- 
cordingly, the cerebral impulses can be 
switched through a greater number of 
channels than in the individual less for- 
tunate in his number of connecting- 
bands. The relation of this "brainy" 
individual to his fellow of smaller cere- 
bral capacity may be compared to that 
of a full-diapason organ as contrasted 
with an instrument having a smaller 
number of pipes. He is brighter, 
broader, and better. 

An examination of the brains of mon- 
keys, higher apes, and men shows an- 
other striking morphologic peculiarity, 
namely, a progressive increase in the 
number, depth and tortuosity of the 
fissures, and a corresponding multipli- 
cation of the convolutions of the brain, 
according to the position of the indi- 
vidual in the scale of physical and men- 

195 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

tal evolution. In other words, men 
possess brains that are more fissured 
and convoluted than are the brains of 
the other higher primates, and, again in 
line with the course of reasoning we have 
pursued, men of the higher Caucasian 
and Mongolian races show a greater 
degree of fissuration and convolution 
than do men of the lower types, as the 
Hottentots and Bushmen. This condi- 
tion necessarily affords a greater sur- 
face extent over which the gray 
substance of the brain must be spread, 
and therefore indicates a corresponding 
increase in the number of the gray cells 
present in the brain. If, in addition to 
this surface expansion, there is noted, 
as is true in men of high mentality, an 
increased depth or thickness of the gray 
matter, we have again a greater number 
of gray cells present, with a necessary 

196 



THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 

increase in the cerebrational power of 
the individual. 

All of which would seem to prove the 
older theory of superior brain weight 
associated with superior mentality. 
There is, however, another element 
which comes in to modify this conclu- 
sion, and that is the quality of the tex- 
ture of the brain. It is here that the 
seeming error occurs. Men of extreme 
erudition have been found with brain 
weights below the average. In such 
cases undoubtedly the fineness of the 
texture of the cells and connecting fibers 
must be taken into consideration. 
There is neither a deficiency of the 
brain cells nor an inferior number of 
connecting bands, but a delicacy of 
structure which results in a smaller bulk 
of the brain when considered en masse. 
The general principle remains true, 

197 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

however, that a large brain as a rule in- 
dicates superior brain force. It is this 
truth which establishes the supremacy 
of man over all other animal creation. 



INFLUENCE OF THE BODY ON THE BRAIN 

There are other disturbing elements 
which must be eliminated in order to ar- 
rive at a satisfactory conclusion as to the 
proper relationship existing between 
brain weight and great mentality. Thus, 
as has already been noted, the heav- 
iest brain recorded was that taken 
from an ignorant laboring man. This 
may have been a brain pregnant with 
latent possibilities but which, owing to 
environmental defects such as extreme 
poverty or depressing and uncultured 
surroundings, was never given the op- 
portunity of educational development. 

198 



THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 

Doubtless many a brain of genius has 
been snowed under by adverse circum- 
stances and never found the chance to 
demonstrate its inherent abilities. Again, 
a brain of unusual weight may be the 
seat of some pathologic formation, as a 
tumor or an excessive hardening from 
an overgrowth of the fibrous tissue, 
whereby the specific gravity of the organ 
has been vastly increased over the nor- 
mal. I have seen such a brain, the over- 
weight of which resulted from the pres- 
ence of a tuberculous growth which had 
been the cause of death. On the other 
hand, it is quite possible to conceive the 
case of an individual who has won fame 
in a particular line of work as the result 
of a remarkable specialization and de- 
velopment of a limited number of brain 
cells, while the great mass of his brain 
tissue has suffered from neglect and 

199 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

may be quite deficient in every respect. 
Naturally, such a brain would be under 
weight, and yet its owner find his place 
among the great of the world. This 
was true of the brilliant French orator, 
Gambetta, who lacked many of the 
characteristics of even an ordinary 
brain development. The general law is 
pretty conclusively established that "all 
organs are in relation to function," and 
a brain that is persistently and syste- 
matically used must be larger and more 
productive than one which is allowed to 
"run to seed" and atrophy from disuse. 
In addition, in a study of this kind, 
there must be carried in mind the natu- 
ral association between body weight 
and brain weight, and the effect upon 
the size of the brain exerted by age, 
stature, sex, and condition of health. 
As bearing upon this aspect of the sub- 

200 



THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 

ject mention should be made of the work 
of Dr. A. Adam, of Paris, and Pro- 
fessor Lombroso. Adam concludes 
that "in general the weight of brain in 
man is greater than in woman," al- 
though he hastens to assert, probably 
for his own safety and peace of mind, 
that this does not mean that certain 
women may not possess heavier brains 
than men. He also finds that "height 
has an effect on brain weight, and mus- 
cular and bone development play their 
part." Lombroso has pointed out "that 
the great majority of men of genius are 
to be found in either of two classes — the 
tallest or the shortest. Among men of 
average mental attainments the greater 
number are of average height — of this 
class 16 per cent, are of high, 16 per 
cent, of low, and 68 per cent, of medium 
stature. Turning to men of genius, 37 

201 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

per cent, are low, 41 per cent, high, and 
only 22 per cent, medium. Examples 
of short geniuses are Epictetus, George 
Eliot, and A. C. Swinburne ; of the tall 
variety are Petrarch, Goethe, and Ten- 
nyson. 

Nutrition has an important effect on 
the condition of the brain, and Adam 
quotes Matiegka as observing a differ- 
ence of 36 grams in favor of well nour- 
ished persons. It must not be con- 
cluded, however, that in every instance 
this increased brain weight necessarily 
implies greater brain capacity, but 
probably a larger amount of blood and 
serum in the tissues. Of stout geniuses 
may be mentioned Victor Hugo, Renan, 
Lee, Rossini, and Balzac; of thin are 
Pascal, Kepler, Voltaire, and Giotto. 

Disease, especially when associated with 
hemorrhage, has a decided effect in 

%0% 



THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 

lessening the weight of the brain, while 
mental diseases will have a varied effect 
according to whether or not they are 
associated with atrophy or hypertrophy 
of the brain structure. 

It is interesting to note Adam's clas- 
sification of brain weights into six 
groups according to occupation, begin- 
ning with day-laborers, who have the 
smallest brain weight ; men with regular 
trades ; domestic servants ; business men ; 
artists, professors, and musicians; and 
men engaged in higher forms of intel- 
lectual actnnrty, as scientists. In these 
different groups the average brain 
weight was found to be respectively 
1410, 1433, 1435, 1449, 1469, and 1500 
grams. Most men of genius have a high 
brain capacity. Thus, Lebon, on ex- 
amining the skulls of twenty-six 
Frenchmen of genius, found that they 

203 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

yielded an average capacity of 1732 
cubic centimeters — a little more than 
300 in excess of the average. On the 
other hand, of the brains of twelve 
famous Germans studied by Wagner 
and Buchoff, eight had either a decid- 
edly low or a very high capacity. D61- 
linger, for instance, had a capacity of 
only 1207 cubic centimeters, and Liebig 
1352 cubic centimeters. 



BRAIN CAPACITY AND THE FACIAL INDEX 

Other morphologic characteristics of 
the head that are supposed to have a 
direct bearing upon the brain are the 
facial index and the shape of the skull. 
It is a well recognized truth that the 
size of the facial index is directly asso- 
ciated with the degree of mental capac- 

204 



THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 

ity. In other words, the greater the 
index the higher the mentality. This 
would seem to indicate that prognath- 
ism, or forward protrusion of the jaw, 
decreases with the higher development 
of the brain, and it stands to reason that 
this must be so. For as the size of the 
brain increases, the skullcap must de- 
velop in order to accommodate the think- 
ing-organ, and the greater the breadth 
and length of the skullcap the greater 
the facial angle and the less the prog- 
nathism. This law is modified some- 
what by the degree of development of 
the masticatory muscles and this by the 
size and weight of the jaw. So that 
individuals with heavy jawbones and 
large teeth may be more or less prog- 
nathic and still show a high degree of 
mentality, as was the case of the natu- 
ralist Cope, who was markedly prog- 

205 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

nathic. The general law remains true, 
however, and in men of high mentality 
we look for an approximation of the 
facial contour to the original embryonic 
orthognathism, that is, to a facial index 
of 90°. 



DOLICHOCEPHALISM AND MENTALITY 

Just why it is, ws has been asserted by 
some, that the brains of manv of these 
great thinkers should show a tendency 
to assume the elongated elliptical form 
with the longer axis lying anteroposte- 
riorly is more difficult to determine. 
The frequency of decided dolichoceph- 
alism, as it is called, or "long-headed- 
ness," among great men is, at least, sug- 
gestive. That it is not a necessary con- 
comitant of large cerebral capacity is 
borne out by the fact that the Esqui- 

206 



THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 

maux and the negroes of West Africa 
are dolichocephalic, while many men of 
great mental capacity have been decid- 
edly round-headed. That the long head 
is quite common among the great men is 
true, however, and it will make an inter- 
esting investigation to ascertain the fre- 
quency by percentage of the two types 
of heads among the thinkers and work- 
ers of the world. By many it is believed 
that the shape of the skull, whether 
round or long, has no relation to the 
intellectual faculty, and this belief will 
probably be verified by subsequent re- 
searches. 



SIZE OF HEAD AND MENTALITY 

Again, it cannot be stated with any de- 
gree of positivism that men who wear 
the larger sizes of hats are brainier, man 

207 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

for man, than those who wear the smaller 
sizes. There are certain morbid condi- 
tions of the brain in infancy and child- 
hood which result in varying degrees of 
oversize of the head without a corre- 
sponding degree of mental development, 
but in which there is an actual deteriora- 
tion of the brain substance. There is, 
on the other hand, a condition of pre- 
mature union of the bones of the head 
which results in an extreme undersize 
of the head known as microcephaly, and 
which is always associated with more or 
less pronounced idiocy. Again, the size 
of the normal head does not bear an un- 
swerving relationship and proportion to 
the size of the body, a corporeally small 
man often having a normally large head 
or the reverse, the mentality reaching 
the average or above in either instance. 
In a study of mentality all these modi- 

208 



THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 

fying influences must be carefully in- 
vestigated and assigned their proper 
relationship to the subject in hand. 

THE DEGREE OF INDIVIDUAL MENTAL 
EQUIPMENT 

In direct line with this phase of the 
subject mention must be made of the 
exhaustive investigations that have been 
instituted by Dr. James McKeen Cat- 
tell of Columbia University to ascertain 
the degree of mental equipment of the 
individual. These investigations in- 
clude tests for intelligence and memory 
and certain physical tests, such as the 
measurement of the head, the lung 
power, the strength of the grip, and the 
usual test for eyesight and hearing. On 
the mental side, memory, intelligence, 
apperception, suggestibility, and im- 
14 209 



THE AGE OF MENTAL VIRILITY 

agery figure as requirements. The tests 
of a given individual are to be repeated 
at intervals of five and ten years and 
should yield interesting data. 

Finally, a most remarkable sugges- 
tion, recently made by Dr. Edward A. 
Spitzka, is well worthy of careful study 
and development. In a recent address 
before the American Philosophical So- 
ciety he stated that his observations go 
to show that men of an aggressive mili- 
tary trend are born when their fathers 
are between twenty and thirty years old ; 
when the father is between thirty and 
forty the son is likely to be given to the 
arts or literature; between forty and 
fifty, he is apt to become a great states- 
man, and when the father is past fifty, 
as in the cases of Aristotle and Benja- 
min Franklin, the son is destined to 
show remarkable brain development 

210 



THE BRAIN OF GENIUS 

and ability. The influence of the 
father's age upon the brain capacity of 
his offspring is a new subject awaiting 
the developing touch of some ambitious 
investigator. 



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